Abstract
The general environmental characteristics of West European coastal dunes and those of salt marshes are outlined. It is pointed out that the dynamical character of the dune system with its interaction between plants and sand in building and degeneration phases has been known for a much longer period of time than generally believed.
As to the salt marshes the special significance is discussed of ungrazed marshes; the majority of the marshes having been under a grazing regime for a long time is elucidated.
The distinction between internal management is mentioned, i.e. the measures taken to maintain or improve the qualities of an area, versus external management, i.e. the measures to prevent or counteract negative influences from outside the area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adriani, M. J. et al., 1980. Ontdek de duinen. 288 pp. I.V.N. et al. Amsterdam.
Bakker, J. P., 1985. The impact of grazing on salt-marsh communities, populations and soil conditions. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation Vegetatio 61/62: 391–398.
Bakker, K. et al., 1974. Meyendel: duin-water-leven. 271 pp. Van Hoeve, Den Haag-Baarn.
Bakker, P. A., 1979. Vegetation science and nature conservation. In: M. J. A. Werger (ed.), The Study of Vegetation. pp. 247–288. Junk, The Hague.
Beeftink, W. G., 1965. De zoutvegetatie van ZW-Nederland beschouwd in Europees verband. Thesis, Wageningen. Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 65: 1–167.
Beeftink, W. G., 1975. The ecological significance of embankment and drainage with respect to the vegetation of SW-Netherland. J. Ecol. 63: 423–458.
Beeftink, W. G., 1977a. The coastal salt marshes of Western and Northern Europe: an ecological and phytosociological approach. In: V. J. Chapman (ed.), Wet Coastal Ecosystems, pp. 109–155. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Beeftink, W. G., 1977b. Salt-marshes. In: R. S. K. Barnes (ed.), The Coastline, 356 pp. John Wiley, London.
Beeftink, W. G., 1979. The structure of salt marsh communities in relation to environmental disturbances. In: R. L. Jefferies & A. J. Davy (eds.), Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments, pp. 77–93. Blackwell, Oxford.
Bhadresa, R., 1977. Food preferences of rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus L. at Holkham Sand Dunes, Norfolk. J. Appl. Ecol. 14: 287–291.
Dalby, D. H., 1985. Salt-marsh vegetation in the Shetland Islands. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation. Vegetatio 61/62: 45–54.
Dieren, J. W. van, 1934. Organogene Dünenbildung. Thesis, Amsterdam. 304 pp. M. Nijhoff, The Hague.
Gause, G. F., 1934. The Struggle for Existence. 163 pp. Baltimore.
Heukels, H. & Ooststroom, S. J. van, 1977. Flora van Nederland. 19e ed., 925 pp. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.
Hewett, D. G., 1985. Grazing and mowing as management tools on dunes. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation. Vegetatio 61/62: 441–448.
Joenje, W., 1978. Plant colonization and succession on embanked sandflats. Thesis, Groningen. 160 pp.
Joenje, W., 1985. The significance of grazing by waterfowl for the primary vegetation succession on embanked sand flats. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation. Vegetatio 61/62: 399–406.
Jong, D. J. & Kogel, T. J. de, 1985. Salt-marsh research with respect to the civil engineering project in the Oosterschelde. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation. Vegetatio 61/62: 425–432.
Kloot, W. G. van der, 1937. De invloed van konijnen in het natuurmonument de Beer. Levende Natuur 41: 33–41.
Leeuwen, C. G. van, 1973. Oecologie en natuurtechniek. Natuur en Landschap 27: 57–67.
Leeuwen, C. G. van, 1979. Dertig jaar onderzoek voor het natuurbeheer. In: W. Bongers (ed.), Natuurbeheer Vandaag, pp. 94–113, Pudoc, Wageningen.
Maarel, E. van der, 1979. Environmental management of coastal dunes in the Netherlands. In: R. L. Jefferies & A. J. Davy (eds.), Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments, pp. 543–570. Blackwell, Oxford.
Maarel, E. van der, 1981. Fluctuations in a coastal dune grassland due to fluctuations in rainfall: experimental evidence. Vegetatio 47: 259–265.
Maarel, E. van der, Boot, R., Dorp, D. van & Rijntjes, J. Long-term vegetation succession in the dunes near Oostvoorne, The Netherlands. Vegetatio (in press).
Maarel, E. van der & Westhoff, V., 1964. The vegetation of the dunes near Oostvoorne. Wentia 12: 1–61.
Mörzer Bruijns, M. F. & Wolff, W. J., 1983. Nature conservation, nature management and physical planning in the Wadden Sea area. 163 pp. Stichting Veth. Leiden.
Nicholson, I. A., 1952. A study of Agropyron junceum (Beauv.) in relation to the stabilization of coastal sand and the development of sand dunes. MSc. Thesis, Durham.
Nienhuis, P. H., 1982. De oecologische consequenties van de Deltawerken. In: W. J. Wolff et al. (eds.), Wadden-Duinen-Delta, pp. 101–132. Pudoc, Wageningen.
Noordwijk-Puijk, K. van, Beeftink, W. G. & Hogeweg, P., 1979. Vegetation development on salt-marsh flats after disappearance of the tidal factor. Vegetatio 39: 1–13.
Norder, J. & Ruyter, J. C., 1977. Vijf jaar beweiding op de Oosterkwelder, Schiermonnikoog (1971–1976). M.Sc. Thesis, Groningen. 159 pp.
Page, R. R, Vinha, S. G. da & Agnew, A. D. Q., 1985. The reaction of some sand dune plant species to experimentally imposed environmental change: a reductionist approach to stability. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation. Vegetatio 61/62: 105–114.
Ranwell, D. S., 1960. Newborough Warren, Anglesey. III. Changes in the vegetation on parts of the dune system after the loss of rabbits by myxomatosis. J. Ecol. 48: 385–395.
Ranwell, D. S., 1972. Ecology of Salt Marshes and Sand Dunes. 258 pp. Chapman & Hall, London.
Ranwell, D. S. & Downing, B. M., 1960. The use of Dalapon and Substituted Urea herbicides for control of seed-bearing Spartina (Cord-grass) in inter-tidal zones of estuarine marsh. Weeds 8: 78–88.
Roozen, A. J. M. & Westhoff, V., 1985. A study on long-term salt-marsh succession using permanent quadrats. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation. Vegetatio 61/62: 23–32.
Sipkes, C., 1941. De invloed van konijnen en waterontrekking op de duinflora. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 51: 385–395.
Slim, P. A. & Oosterveld, P., 1985. Vegetation development on newly embanked sandflats in the Grevelingen (The Netherlands) under different management practices. In: W. G. Beeftink, J. Rozema & A. H. L. Huiskes (eds.), Ecology of Coastal Vegetation. Vegetatio 61/62: 407–414.
Solger, F. et al., 1910. Dünenbuch: Werden und Wandern der Dünen — Pflanzenleben auf den Dünen. pp. 7–198. F. Enke, Stuttgart.
Tutin, T. G. et al. (eds.), 1980. Flora Europaea, vol. 5, 452 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Udo de Haes, H. A., 1982. De gevolgen van waterwinning in de duinen. In: W. J. Wolff et al., Wadden-Duinen-Delta, pp. 133–156. Pudoc, Wageningen.
Westhoff, V., 1947. The vegetation of dunes and salt marshes on the Dutch islands of Terschelling, Vlieland and Texel. Thesis, Utrecht. Summary 131 pp. C. J. van der Horst, The Hague.
Westhoff, V., 1957. Regeneration of dune areas in the Netherlands which have been biologically devastated by man. -I.U.C.N., 6th Techn. Meeting, Edinburgh: Proc. and papers: 164–165. London.
Westhoff, V., 1959. The vegetation of Scottish pine woodlands and Dutch artificial coastal pine forests. Acta Bot. Neerl. 9: 422–448.
Westhoff, V., 1961. Die Dünenbepflanzung in den Niederlanden. Angew. Pflanzensoziol. 17: 14–21. Stolzenau/Weser.
Westhoff, V., 1969. Die Reste der Naturlandschaft und ihre Pflege. In: K. Buchwald & W. Engelhardt (eds.), Handbuch für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz 3: 252–266.
Westhoff, V., 1971a. The dynamic structure of plant communities in relation to the objectives of conservation. In: E. Duffey & A. S. Watt (eds.), Scientific Management of Plant and Animal Communities for Conservation, pp. 3–14. Blackwell, Oxford.
Westhoff, V., 1971b. Choice and management of nature reserves in the Netherlands. Bull. Jard. Bot. Brussels 41: 231–245.
Westhoff, V., 1973a. Natuurbehoud en Natuurbeheer. Natuurkundige Voordrachten N.R. 52: 71–84.
Westhoff, V., 1973b. Beheersobjecten en hun behandeling: Reservaten. In: A. D. Voûte & J. F. de Vries Broekman (eds.), Natuurbeheer in Nederland, pp. 180–189. Samson, Alphen aan den Rijn.
Westhoff, V., 1977. Botanical aspects of nature conservation in densely populated countries. In: A. Miyawaki & R. Tüxen (eds.), Vegetation Science and Environmental Protection, pp. 369–374, Maruzen, Tokyo.
Westhoff, V. & Held, A. J. den, 1969. Plantengemeenschappen in Nederland. 324 pp. Thieme, Zutphen.
Westhoff, V. & Maarel, E. van der, 1982. Kustlandschap en plantengroei. In: W. J. Wolff et al. (eds.), Wadden-Duinen-Delta, pp. 54–77. Pudoc, Wageningen.
Westhoff, V. & Schouten, M. G. C., 1979. The diversity of European coastal ecosystems. In: R. L. Jefferies & A. J. Davy (eds.), Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments, pp. 3–21. Blackwell, Oxford.
Westhoff, V., Bakker, P. A., Leeuwen, C. G. van & Voo, E. E. van der, 1970. Wilde Planten, flora en vegetatie in onze natuurgebieden, I. 320 pp. Ver. Behoud Natuurmonumenten, 's Graveland.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Nomenclature follows Heukels & Van Ooststroom (1977).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Westhoff, V. Nature management in coastal areas of Western Europe. Vegetatio 62, 523–532 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044778
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044778