Abstract
Conflicting systems of classifying the Calanidae (Brodsky, 1972; Bradford & Jillett, 1974) are analysed and a preferred system recommended. Brodsky's system, based on characters with assumed adaptive and functional significance is rejected as is his claim to have produced a phylogenetic scheme. Bradford & Jillett's system, based on a variety of characters, results in a coherent classification which aims to be neutral concerning phylogenetic relationships among genera. Species of Calanoides, Calanus, Nannocalanus, and Neocalanus are surveyed and the need for further taxonomic work is assessed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alldredge, A. L., B. H. Robison, A. Fleminger, J. J. Torres, J. M. King & W. M. Hamner, 1984. Direct sampling and in situ observation of a persistent copepod aggregation in the mesopelagic zone of the Santa Barbara Basin. Mar. Biol. 80: 75–81.
Andrews, K. J., 1966. The distribution and life-history of Calanoides acutus (Giesbrecht). ‘Discovery’ Rep. 34(1): 119–161.
Bjornberg, T. K. S., 1963. On the marine free-living copepods off Brazil. Bolm Inst. Oceanogr., S. Paulo 13: 3–142.
Bjornberg, T. K. S., 1973. The planktonic copepods of the Marchile I expedition and of the ‘Eltanin’ cruises 3–6 taken in the SE Pacific. Bohn. Fac. Filos. Cienc. Univ. S. Paulo; Zool. Biol. mar. N. S. 30: 245–394.
Bradford, J. M., 1970. Records of pelagic copepods of Kaikoura, New Zealand, N. Z. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 4: 351–363.
Bradford, J. M., 1972. Systematics and ecology of New Zealand central east coast plankton sampled at Kaikoura. Mem. N. Z. oceanogr. Inst. 54: 5–87.
Bradford, J. M., L. Haakonsen & J. B. Jillett, 1983. The marine fauna of New Zealand: pelagic calanoid copepods: Families Euchaetidae, Phaennidae, Scolecithricidae, Diaixidae, and Tharybidae. Mem. N. Z. oceanogr. Inst. 90: 1–150.
Bradford, J. M. & J. B. Jillett, 1974. A revision of generic definitions in the Calanidae (Copepoda, Calanoida). Crustaceana 27: 5–16.
Brodsky, K. A. 1948. [The free-swimming Copepoda of the Japan Sea]. Izv. tikhookean. nauchno-issled. Inst. ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr. 26: 28–32.
Brodsky, K. A., 1959. [On phylogenetic relations of some Calanus (Copepoda) species of the northern and southern hemispheres.] Zool. Zh. 33: 1537–1553 (In Russian).
Brodsky, K. A., 1965. [Variability and systematics of species of the genus Calanus (Copepoda).] Issled. Fauny Morej 3(11): 22–71 (In Russian).
Brodsky, K. A., 1972. Phylogeny of the family Calanidae (Copepoda) on the basis of a comparative morphological analysis of its characters. Issled Fauny Morej 12(20): 1–127 (English translation, Israel Program for Science Translations 1975).
Brodsky, K. A., 1976. [On the revisions and the ‘new’ classifications of Calanoida (Copepoda).] Issled. Fanny Morej 18(26): 5–10 (In Russian).
Conover, R. J., 1967. Reproductive cycle, early development, and fecundity in laboratory populations of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus. Crustaceana 13: 61–72.
Davis, C. C., 1976. Overwintering strategies of common planktic copepods in some north Norway fjords and sounds. Astarte 9: 37–42.
De Decker, A. H. B., 1984. Near-surface copepod distribution in the south-western Indian and south-eastern Atlantic ocean. Ann. s. afr. Mus. 93: 303–370.
Deevey, G. B., 1960. Relative effects of temperature and food on seasonal variations in length of marine copepods in some eastern American and western European waters. Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll. 17: 54–86.
Deevey, G. B., 1966. Seasonal variations in length of copepods in south Pacific New Zealand waters. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 17: 155–68.
Fleminger, A. & K. Hulsemann, 1977. Geographical range and taxonomic divergence in north Atlantic Calanus (C. helgolandicus, C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis). Mar. Biol. 40: 233–248.
Frost, B. W., 1971. Taxonomic status of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis (Copepoda), with special reference to adult males. J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada 28: 23–30.
Frost, B. W., 1974. Calanus marshallae, a new species of calanoid copepod closely allied to the sibling species C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis. Mar. Biol. 26: 77–99.
Giesbrecht, W., 1892. Systematik und Faunistik der pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-abschnitte. Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel 19: 1–831, 54 pls.
Heptner, M. V., 1971. [On the Copepoda (Calanoida) fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Families Euchaetidae, Lucicutiidae, Heterorhabdidae.] Trudy Inst. Okeanol. 92: 73–161.
Hirche, H.-J., 1983. Overwintering of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus helgolandicus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 11: 281–290.
Hirche, H.-J. & R. N. Bohrer, 1987. Reproduction of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis in Fram Strait. Mar. Biol. 94: 11–17.
Jillett, J. B., 1968. Calanus tonsus (Copepoda, Calanoida) in southern New Zealand waters with notes on the male. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 19: 19–30.
Kitou, M. & O. Tanaka, 1969. Note on a species of Calanoides (Copepoda; Calanoida) from the Western North Pacific. Oceanogrl Mag. 21: 67–81.
Kos, M. S., 1972. Intraspecific differentiation of Calanus plumchrus Marukawa. Issled. Fanny Morej 12(20): 128–168 (English translation, Israel Program for Scientific Translations 1975).
Marshall, S. M. & A. P. Orr, 1955. The Biology of a Marine Copepod. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 188 pp.
Matsuzaki, M., 1978. The distribution of Calanoides philippinensis Kitou & Tanaka, Copepoda, in the East China Sea. Oceanogrl Mag. 29: 1–9.
Miller, C. B., B. M. Frost, H. P. Batchelder, M. J. Clemons & R. E. Conway, 1984. Life histories of large, grazing copepods in a subarctic ocean gyre: Neocalanus plumchrus, Neocalanus cristatus, and Eucalanus bungii in the northeast Pacific. Progr. Oceanogr. 13: 201–243.
Ohman, M. D., 1987. Energy sources for recruitment of the Subantarctic copepod Neocalanus tonsus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32: 1317–1330.
Peterson, W. T., B. Miller & A. Hutchinson, 1979. Zonation and maintenance of copepod populations in the Ocean upwelling zone. Deep Sea Res. 26A: 467–494.
Petit, D. & C. Courties, 1976. Calanoides carinatus (Copépode pélagique) sur le plateau continental Congolais. I. Apercu sur la répartition bathymétrique géographique et biométriques des stades: générations durant la saison froide 1974. Cah. O R. S. T. O. M. — Oceanogr. 14: 177–199.
Ride, W. D. L., C. W. Sabrosky, G. Bernardi & R. V. Melville, 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 3rd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, 338 pp.
Runge, J. A., 1984. Egg production of the marine, planktonic copepod, Calanus pacificus Brodsky: laboratory observations. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 74: 53–66.
Safronov, S. G., 1984. Ecology of the copepod Calanus glacialis from the Sea of Okhotsk. Biologiya Morya 1984(4): 23–27.
Smith, S. L., 1982. The northwestern Indian Ocean during the monsoons of 1979: distribution, abundance, and feeding of zooplankton. Deep Sea Res. 29A: 1331–1354.
Vives, F., 1982. Sur les copépodes de la région CINECA (Parties nord et centrale). Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 180: 289–296.
Wells, J. B. J., G. R. F. Hicks & B. C. Coull, 1982. Common harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand harbours and estuaries. N. Z. J. Zool. 9: 151–184.
Yashnov, V. A., 1975. [On the systematic status of Pacific Calanus glacialis, C. sinicus and C. orientalis sp.n.] Zool. Zh. 54(1): 32–38.