Introduction

Background and trial rationale

Deaths due to complications of cirrhosis continue to rise whilst mortality rates from non-liver diseases are declining due to medical advances. In the UK, a 400% increase in mortality has been reported over a 40-year period from 1970 to 2010 in those with cirrhosis amongst those under 65 years old [1]. Portal hypertension is the main complication of cirrhosis, which leads to the development of varices and variceal haemorrhage, and other forms of decompensation such as encephalopathy, ascites and renal failure [2]. Patients with cirrhosis experience significant morbidity and reduced life expectancy due to all-cause decompensation [3]. Despite therapeutic advances, the mortality rate for acute variceal haemorrhage (VH) remains approximately 15% [4]. Currently, there are no established preventative methods [5], and thus, it is crucial to prevent VH and all-cause decompensation (ACD) in individuals who have developed varices as a manifestation of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH).

Non-selective beta-blockade (NSBB) is the primary pharmacological choice and following several randomised controlled trials on various endoscopic methods, band ligation is now the preferred endoscopic therapy for medium and large oesophageal varices (OV) [6]. NSBBs offer significant advantages by modulating portal hypertension, including reducing both the rate of incidence of primary and secondary VH and progression of medium to larger varices [7]. According to the current evidence base, NSBB therapy has no benefits in pre-primary prophylaxis for patients without varices, in part because large-scale clinical trials to definitively address this are lacking [6]. However, there is a clear advantage in the reduction of VH with NSBB in patients with moderate-large varices (> 5 mm in diameter), in patients with advanced cirrhosis [8, 9]. There is currently no definitive evidence to provide clinical guidance on the use of NSBB in cirrhosis patients with compensated cirrhosis and/or small oesophageal varices [10], which are considered to be the precursor to the development of medium or large varices as a reflection of escalating portal pressures. Moreover, it is unknown whether patients with small varices require primary prophylaxis at all.

The BOPPP trial aims to determine the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of NSBB therapy in patients with small oesophageal varices. NSBBs are low cost and easy to administer, making them suitable for primary healthcare settings. Due to their mechanism of action, by decreasing portal pressure which is the primary driver for ACD complications, NSBBs may also prevent the development of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, infections and liver synthetic failure. The international consensus in portal hypertension trials supports using of all-cause decompensation as the optimal endpoint [11]. All-cause decompensation encompasses progression of cirrhosis into clinical events such as development of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, VH, hepatorenal syndrome and liver-related death [12]. Several smaller trials in patients with invasive portal pressure measurements defining CSPH have indicated that NSBBs may have potential effects over some aspects of decompensation [9, 13], but this remains unproven in patients with small varices.

Primary objective

The primary aim of this study is to determine the clinical effectiveness of carvedilol versus placebo in reducing all-cause decompensation in patients with cirrhosis and small oesophageal varices that have never bled. The study will also investigate the cost-effectiveness of administering carvedilol to these patients. All-cause decompensation (ACD) in the context of the BOPPP trial is defined in Table 1.

Table 1 Definition of ACD in the context of the BOPPPtrial
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Secondary objectives

  • At 1-year after participant recruitment commences, to assess the feasibility of recruitment and retention acceptability, with progression criteria outlined in the internal pilot.

  • To determine additional clinical benefits of carvedilol versus placebo for reduction of variceal size progression, need to initiate endoscopic management of varices (endoscopic band ligation), deterioration in liver synthetic function (assessed by MELD score and Child–Pugh grade) and all-cause mortality.

  • To determine the optimal delivery in primary care by exploring general practitioners’ (GPs) perspectives on enablers and barriers to future implementation

Rationale for changing the primary outcome

The primary end point for BOPPP was initially variceal haemorrhage, as originally commissioned by the funder. This was based on 2017 national and international guidelines on cirrhosis that recommended that all patients with cirrhosis be offered surveillance for oesophageal varices. The 2015 British Society of Gastroenterology UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhosis patients and other guidelines suggest that NSBB may be used as primary prophylaxis to prevent or reduce variceal bleeding in those identified as having small varices (< 5 mm) [14] [. However, they acknowledge that the evidence for this was weak and that further research is required to answer this long-standing uncertainty. The NICE guideline “Cirrhosis in over 16 s: assessment and management” [NG50] was published in July 2016 [15] The evidence updates for this guideline confirm that the evidence on which to base recommendations for the use of NSBBs for small varices is limited and warrants further research. Subsequent ‘Joint BSG/BASL Updated Guidance on Endoscopy for Variceal Screening and Surveillance in Chronic Liver Disease Patients in the COVID-19 Pandemic Service Recovery Phase’ acknowledged that the COVID-19 pandemic led to many changes to endoscopic practice, including in patients with cirrhosis and recognised the need for ongoing research into the role of endoscopy and optimal management of portal hypertension in patients with chronic liver disease. The statement also acknowledged that NICE guidance in this field was due to be updated, the publication of a new consensus statement from Baveno VII [12], new UK guidelines in cirrhosis management in progress, and other work being done in the UK Gastroenterology and Hepatology community in this field currently, all of which mean that this interim guidance would be reviewed at a minimum interval of 12 months.

A note was made of Baveno VII that includes a consensus statement (statement 5.14) that treatment with NSBB should be considered for the prevention of decompensation in cirrhosis patients with clinically significant portal hypertension which is defined as Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) > 25 kPa (statement 2.16). This was acknowledged as being a controversial recommendation, being based on a single prospective trial and retrospective cohort evidence. The use of beta-blockers to prevent any decompensation episode was not in widespread hepatology practice in the UK at the time and there remains ongoing uncertainty regarding the PREDESCI data [13] when applying non-invasive tests to guide treatment in patient populations that are no longer seen in UK practice. In addition, BOPPP was highlighted as one of the ongoing large UK trials that would provide evidence in relation to the use of NSBB in those with cirrhosis and small varices. Therefore, no recommendation was given on the use of NSBB in cirrhosis patients with small varices but this would remain under review.

Following recommendation and approval from trial oversight committees (TMG, DMC and TSC), PPI members and the funder, an amendment was submitted to change the primary outcome from variceal haemorrhage to a composite primary endpoint, all-cause decompensation (ACD). This modification of the primary outcome was motivated by (i) escalating evidence of the importance of this combined endpoint and (ii) a shift in scientific opinion from the global hepatology community. The definition of ACD as an endpoint has been ratified at the British Association for the Study of the Liver Research Steering Group. Furthermore, ACD, holds greater meaning and significance for patients with cirrhosis, as any worsening of their liver disease or need for hospitalisation due to deterioration of liver health is closely associated with a patient’s quality of life and overall survival.

Major changes to the trial protocol are approved by the TSC and disseminated via the central team to all collaborators via email.

Internal pilot

The first 12 months of BOPPP constituted an internal pilot. Integrated qualitative research with patient participants and staff contributed to assessments of feasibility and overall trial acceptability. The conclusions from the qualitative research led to positive changes in the trial protocol which maximised recruitment and reduced barriers that were identified to participation and retention. The results of the internal pilot were assessed by the TMG, DMC, TSC and the NIHR.

Trial design

BOPPP is a phase IV, superiority, multicentre, blinded (patient, physician, analyst), randomised, placebo-controlled, pragmatic, clinical trial. The trial design is displayed in Fig. 1. Patients with cirrhosis and small oesophageal varices receiving care from hospital specialist liver services are screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A maximum of 55 UK NHS Trusts/Health Boards are involved in trial recruitment, enrolling 740 patients who will be randomly allocated to receive either carvedilol or a matched placebo in a 1:1 ratio and treated for 36 months (or up to a minimum of 185 events), with a follow-up visit every 6 months during this period. Participants will also be followed up until the last patient last visit, by record linkage to the Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) electronic dataset in England and from participating hospital records in Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Death records held by the Office for National Statistics will also be used to assess the impact of the trial medication period on long-term outcomes.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Trial schema

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Follow-up completion

Last patient last visit (LPLV) will take place after a minimum of 36 months follow-up or may be triggered by DMC recommendation and ratified by TSC when a minimum of 185 events is reached.

Methods

Study setting

BOPPP will take place at NHS hospitals in the UK, that manage patients with cirrhosis. A list of study sites can be found in the ‘Acknowledements’ section. Patients with cirrhosis and small oesophageal varices that are detected whilst attending variceal screening gastroscopies, will be identified, pre-screened, and approached to participate.

Eligibility criteria

To be eligible for BOPPP, a patient must have cirrhosis and small oesophageal varices (as a manifestation of portal hypertension) detected by endoscopy within 6 months of being recruited. Small or grade I oesophageal varices are characterised as veins in the oesophagus which are ≤ 5 mm in diameter and/or veins that completely disappear upon moderate air insufflation at gastroscopy. The complete eligibility criteria for the trial are outlined in Table 2.

Table 2 Eligibility criteria
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Upon analysis of pre-screening data from participating sites, a significant proportion of potentially eligible patients were being excluded from the trial in having a diagnosis of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) documented on their medical history. To mitigate this, the exclusion criterion “contraindication to beta-blocker use due to asthma/COPD” was clarified in the protocol to exclude only patients with a potential risk of side effects.

Recruitment and informed consent

A participant information sheet (PIS) is given to and discussed with potential patient recruits before informed consent is sought. Written informed consent is obtained by medical staff who are delegated at each site and have received protocol-specific training. Only patients aged 18 and above are considered for consent.

Randomisation and participant timeline

The electronic data capture database, InferMed MACRO is used to register patients. The system generates a unique trial patient identification number (PIN). Randomisation is provided by a secure 24-h web-based randomisation service. The King’s Clinical Trials Unit (KCTU) hosts both MACRO and the randomisation service.

The allocation sequence was stratified block randomisation with randomly varying block sizes. The KCTU IMP pharmacy management system assigns the patient to a treatment group and generates anonymised treatment pack numbers for trial staff to identify the correct trial medication for the patient, whilst maintaining blinding.

Participants who have been randomised to either treatment, begin with one tablet a day of 6.25 mg carvedilol or placebo. Patients are expected to start the trial medication on the same day as randomisation or as soon as possible thereafter. A face-to-face follow-up visit is scheduled for haemodynamic review at week 1 with a view of up-titration to 2 tablets (12.5 mg carvedilol or placebo) if participants meet the outlined parameters in the Appendix. Subsequently, a safety telephone call is completed at week 6. Thereafter, participants are seen in during outpatient appointments at 6-monthly intervals over the 3-year follow-up period. Month 36 marks the end of the trial treatment period and denotes the minimum trial follow-up period. Patients who complete the treatment period prior to the last patient last visit (LPLV) will be followed up once again at the end of the trial.

Schedule of events

This is detailed in Table 3.

Table 3 Schedule of events
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Trial intervention, dosing regimen and dose modification

The Investigational Medicinal Products (IMPs) are carvedilol 6.25 mg and a matched placebo tablet. The IMP is taken once daily from randomisation and can be up-titrated to a maximum daily dose of 12.5 mg (2 tablets once daily or 1 tablet twice daily) following a haemodynamic review at week 1. The criteria for dose modification are listed in the Appendix. Patients are instructed to take one or two tablets per day for a total period of 3 years.

Carvedilol is generally well-tolerated resulting in a fewer compliance issues or lower rate of discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) than other NSBBs [6]. Guidance for temporary and permanent cessation of IMP is detailed in Fig. 2. Where required, the dose will be up- or down-titrated at clinician discretion, at trial visits and if the patient contacts the trial team regarding side effects. A safety telephone call is arranged at week 6 to assess short-term adverse events such as hypotension, gastrointestinal side effects like nausea, swelling of hands and feet, blurred vision, lethargy, headache, sexual dysfunction and shortness of breath. Participants are asked about their adherence to the trial medication at each follow-up.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Pathway of follow-up procedures or events resulting in permanent or temporary discontinuation of the trial Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP)

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Concomitant care

Participants should continue to take medications for their existing medical conditions as normal with the exception of anti-arrhythmic medications with significant interactions with beta-blockers. The administration of an open-label beta-blocker is not permitted for participants throughout their trial participation. However, if it is anticipated that the participant will need a beta-blocker during their participation, they are ineligible for entry into the study. Already recruited participants that require beta-blockade for portal hypertensive or non-portal hypertensive reasons, or those that require medication with significant interactions with beta-blockers (such as rate limiting calcium channel antagonists), will have the trial IMP discontinued permanently if the need is life-long.

Harms

King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust has delegated the delivery of the Sponsor’s responsibility for Pharmacovigilance to the King’s Health Partners Clinical Trials Office (KHP-CTO). All SAEs, SARs and SUSARs will be reported immediately (and certainly no later than 24 h) by the site Principal Investigator or delegate to the KHP-CTO and Chief Investigator. The KHP-CTO will report SUSARs to the regulatory authorities (MHRA, competent authorities of other EEA (European Economic Area) states) in which the trial is taking place. The Chief Investigator will report to the relevant ethics committee.

Serious events will be reported in an expedited fashion with the exception of medical events which are recognised complications of cirrhosis. However, any and all serious and non-serious events will be recorded on the MACRO database.

Within BOPPP, an adverse event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant to whom a medicinal product has been administered including occurrences which are not necessarily caused by or related to that product. All adverse events are recorded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0, will be MedDRA coded and reported in the primary publication.

Blinding

Who will be blinded?

Trial participants, trial staff (including clinicians and on-site pharmacy teams) and the trial analyst will be blinded. The carvedilol and placebo tablets are identical in appearance. A junior trial statistician will be planned to be partially blinded (able to access outcome data labelled as A or B) during the study to provide data split by arm to the Data Monitoring Committee (DMC).

Procedure for unblinding

There will be no unblinding unless deemed emergent for the patient’s care as assessed by the attending clinicians. In the event of emergency unblinding, a 24-h telephone unblinding service is provided for Emergency Code Break and Medical Information by ESMS Global Ltd. All randomised participants will be provided with an alert card detailing a code break telephone number and emergency contact details. All randomised participants are requested to carry the alert card with them at all times whilst participating in the trial.

Data collection and management

The data will be collected using source data worksheets and will be transcribed into an electronic data capture database (InferMed MACRO). The follow-up schedule is pragmatically designed to align with regular clinical follow-up appointments to minimise the additional burden for trial participants, thus promoting retention.

Pre-screening, screening and enrolment logs will be kept at each trial site in a secured room either locked in a cabinet or electronically. Electronic data will be stored on secure servers based at the lead organisation. The databases will be password-protected and only accessible to specified and delegated trial individuals. After completion of the trial, these logs will be archived and stored securely in an archiving facility for a minimum of 15 years.

Primary outcome

  • Time to the first decompensating event as defined by Table 1

  • Cost-effectiveness of carvedilol in this population.

For the purpose of inferential statistical inference, only all-cause decompensation will be defined as the primary outcome, analysed with a two sides hypothesis test (α = 0.05).

Secondary and tertiary outcomes

  • Estimation of the 1- and 3-year oesophageal variceal bleed rate by allocation, and associated number needed to treat

  • Progression to oesophageal medium/large varices requiring clinical intervention over 3 years

  • Composite of oesophageal variceal bleed or progression to medium/large varices over 3 years

  • Development of gastric, duodenal, ectopic or rectal varices

  • Survival (Overall, liver-related, or cardiovascular-related)

  • Quality of life will be measured by aggregating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) calculated for each 6-month period over 3 years based on the difference in EQ-5D scores bounding each 6-month period assuming linear interpolation.

Secondary outcomes will be analysed with a time-to-event analysis comparison—with the exception of QALYs which will use the total mean difference at 3 years.

Qualitative interviews to understand recruitment barriers and enablers

During the first 12 months, semi-structured interviews were conducted which examined views and experiences of the proposed intervention, trial recruitment and trial procedures with patients who enrolled in the trial (n = 12), patients who declined to take part (n = 5), and staff who were responsible for recruiting participants to the trial (n = 18). Potential barriers and facilitators to recruitment were considered at the level of the patient, staff, team, organisational and trial (across organisations). Recruitment was conducted across 14 NHS Trusts, chosen to provide a mix of regions and recruitment success, and continued until thematic saturation was reached (see Le Boutillier et al. (2022a) for a full description of the procedures [16]).

Qualitative interviews to understand barriers and enablers to understand future implementation in primary care

In the first 12 months of BOPPP, attention was given to the early engagement of GPs in conversations around the delivery of this potentially effective secondary care-initiated treatment in primary care to support future implementation. Semi-structured individual interviews explored GP perspectives (n = 23) on factors that could influence implementation beyond the trial and how dose titration and ongoing treatment with carvedilol could be best delivered in primary care. GPs were recruited through ten Clinical Commissioning Groups (CGGs), selected purposively to include a mix of regions and practice size [17].

MBOP—mechanism of beta-blockade on bacterial translocation in portal hypertension (MBOP) sub-study

An integrated basic science mechanistic study has been established to investigate the mechanism of carvedilol in preventing ACD in patients with cirrhosis. All BOPPP sites are offered the opportunity to participate in the MBOP sub-study, where BOPPP participants, at baseline, are separately consented to provide biological samples longitudinally. All samples are analysed centrally at King’s College Hospital following expedited transport via Royal Mail. This work will be reported outside of the primary results manuscript.

Statistical methods

A statistical analysis plan (SAP) was drafted by the trial statistician (HJ) and senior statistician (BC) who were blinded to outcome data at the time of drafting. The SAP was approved by the TSC chair and an independent statistician (Supplementary document 1).

Sample size estimation

The PREDESCI study enrolled 201 patients (1:1) and reported a 3-year decompensation rate of 27% in the placebo group, compared to 16% in the β-blockers group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26–0.97, p = 0.04).

The BOPPP trial, with 187 patients randomised as of December 2021, exhibited an annual all-cause decompensation event rate of approximately 0.16 across both treatment arms. Additionally, another data extract from the BOPPP database in March 2022 showed that the 1-year all-cause decompensation rate was 20% across both arms combined. Anticipating a conservative escalation in event rate over a 3-year span, and to accommodate attrition due to censoring, due to adverse events causing treatment discontinuation in these patients, we project a minimum decompensation rate of 25.5% for the trial duration. This estimate shows a projected rate of 31% in the placebo arm and 20% in the β-blocker arm. For detecting the postulated difference, which corresponds to a hazard ratio of 0.60, with a statistical power of 90% and a type I error probability of 0.05, a sample size of 666 patients resulting in 170 events is required. To anticipate a dropout rate of 10%, an enrolment target of 740 patients is set.

Sample size justification and power analysis

In estimating the required sample size for our study, we based calculations on an anticipated hazard ratio (HR) of 0.6. However, should the true HR prove to be 0.7, with the control arm event rate remaining constant, our power analysis indicates that the trial would still maintain a power of 71%. This is based on a conservative event rate estimate of 25.5% for both arms. We have reason to believe that the actual event rate may exceed this conservative projection. Consequently, we assert that the study is adequately powered to detect a clinically significant effect, even if the true hazard ratio is somewhat higher than initially anticipated.

Internal pilot

At 12 months after participant recruitment opens, we assessed the feasibility of recruitment and retention acceptability, with progression criteria: (1) at least 8 sites opened, with at least one patient randomised at each, (2) at least 80 patients randomised, and (3) at least 70% retention rate. Upon review at the 12-month milestone, all progression criteria were fulfilled—evidencing effective site activation, patient randomisation, and retention rates—and the results have been duly reported to the Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) and Trial Steering Committee (TSC).

Population under investigation

The intention-to-treat (ITT) population will include all patients enrolled in the study and involved in the assessment of outcomes. Patients experiencing any of all-cause decompensation events, as listed in Table 1, whichever occurs first, will be classified as treatment failures, and recorded as events. Those who do not experience any form of decompensation during the follow-up period will be considered non-events and censored at their last follow-up time.

The per-protocol population (PPP) comprises participants who adhere to the study protocol.

Protocol deviations and violations

A protocol deviation or violation refers to any unplanned divergence from the planned study protocol. A protocol deviation (PD) is characterised as a minor, non-serious departure from the protocol that is unlikely to affect the integrity of the data or the overall treatment effect. An instance of a PD may include the missing of a scheduled visit within the allowable window or the failure to return the IMP bottle during a visit.

Conversely, a protocol violation (PV) represents a more significant departure from the protocol that has the potential to substantially impact the quality or interpretability of the data. Such violations may result in the exclusion of the affected patient from the per-protocol population. Comprehensive definitions and categorizations of protocol deviations and violations have been elaborated upon in the SAP.

Adherence to trial intervention

Adherence will be defined in the SAP.

Recruitment, descriptives and baseline comparability

In this study, the flow of participants from screening through to 36-month follow-up will be presented in a CONSORT flowchart, ensuring transparency and accountability of reporting clinical trial data. This includes the number of individuals screened, reasons for ineligibility, and retention rates throughout the follow-up period. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarise evaluations of recruitment, drop-out, and therapy completion, as well as demographics and primary and secondary outcomes comparability at baseline.

Analysis of the primary outcome

The primary analysis will focus on the time to all-cause decompensation between the two allocated groups. To assess the impact of treatment on decompensation risk over time, we will employ a multi-level Cox proportional hazards regression model. This model will adjust for covariates including patient age, gender, and MELD score, which are recognised as potential confounders. To account for hospital variability, we will incorporate site as a shared frailty across hospitals within the model. The proportional hazards assumption will be examined through visual inspection of Kaplan–Meier plots and log–log survival plots, complemented by an at-risk table for both treatment groups. The primary measures of effect will be the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR), accompanied by 95% confidence intervals and p-values. Analysis will be carried out using a two-sided test (α = 0.05).

All analyses for secondary endpoints will be conducted within the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. No adjustment will be made for multiple secondary outcomes (α = 0.05). Binary outcomes such as variceal size progression (progressed versus not progressed), will be evaluated through generalised linear mixed-effects logistic regression models at both 1-year and 3-year post-randomization intervals. In this model site will be incorporated as a random effect. Adjustments will be made for covariates including age, sex, aetiology of liver disease (alcoholic, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, autoimmune, or other), and disease severity as measured by the MELD score at baseline.

Time-to-event secondary outcomes will be defined through hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and visualised via Kaplan–Meier survival plots. Median times to event occurrence and their two-sided 95% confidence intervals will also be reported. Cox proportional hazard models similar to the primary outcome will be used for the estimation of aHR and their 95% confidence intervals.

Continuous variables, such as deterioration in liver function, will be measured using the Child–Pugh and MELD scores. A linear mixed model (LMM) will compare these outcomes between treatment groups, accounting for site variability as a random effect. Changes over time in these scores will be analysed by incorporating visit time-points (baseline and every six months up to 36 months) as time-varying covariates. Subject ID will be included to account for intra-participant correlation, in addition to site as a random effect. The model will be adjusted for baseline covariates. Secondary outcomes may not be powered to detect statistical differences.

Sensitivity analyses

Sensitivity analyses will be performed to determine the robustness of the trial’s conclusions to the potential effects of missing data and non-adherence. These analyses will be conducted to provide supplementary exploratory assessments for both primary and secondary endpoints.

Cost-effectiveness analysis (economic evaluation)

A separate Health Economics Analysis Plan (HEAP) will be produced, providing a comprehensive description of the planned economic evaluation. Briefly, the primary objective of the health economic evaluation is to calculate the cost-effectiveness of carvedilol versus placebo control over 3 years in a within-trial economic evaluation. The secondary objective is to calculate the cost-effectiveness of carvedilol versus placebo over a lifetime using economic modelling techniques. Data on community healthcare services used by the participants to estimate costs will be collected every 6 months including baseline using a self-completed questionnaire and covering the 3-year period. Hospital-based service use will be obtained from the Hospital Episode Statistics records in England or from participating hospitals in Scotland, Wales, or Northern Ireland, and intervention-related resource use (medication) will be obtained from the IMP adherence log.

Data on health-related quality of life, using measures capable of generating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for use in economic evaluations, will be collected using the EQ-5D-5L measure [18]. The EQ-5D-5L measure consists of 5 questions (covering mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression), each with 5-level responses. The measure will be completed at baseline, 6-, 12-, 18-, 24-, 30-, 36-month post randomisation. Utility values for each health state at each time point will be estimated by means of a mapping to the available EQ-5D-3L set of preference weights using population values. QALYs will be estimated [19] for the defined period using a linear interpolation to calculate the area under the QALY curve.

In line with the clinical analyses, an analysis will be ‘as randomised’ (intention-to-treat), where participants are analysed according to their allocation, regardless of whether they received that treatment or not. The primary economic analysis will take the health and personal social services (PSS) perspective and will explore the cost-effectiveness of carvedilol compared with placebo at 36 months in terms of cost per QALYs. A secondary economic analysis will extend this to compare costs and QALYs modelled for a lifetime after the end of the RCT. The mean difference in total cost and QALYs per participant between the randomised arms will be estimated using bootstrapped regression, adjusted in line with the clinical analyses, plus the baseline variable of interest (baseline cost and/or baseline utility score).

We will examine cost-effectiveness through incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for any combinations of cost and outcome that involve a trade-off, where one group incurs both higher costs and greater benefits compared to the other. Combinations with lower costs and higher outcomes are considered ‘dominant’. The cost-effectiveness of an intervention is determined by whether the ICER value is above or below the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) willingness to pay per QALY threshold of £20–£30,000. Additionally, we will represent cost-effectiveness using incremental net health benefit (INB). The INB indicates the adjusted mean difference in benefit in terms of QALYs score by transforming the adjusted mean difference in total cost between the intervention and the control onto the QALYs scale using the specified threshold value. In contrast to ICER, where interpretation depends on the direction of the incremental cost and effect, the interpretation of INB is straightforward: the intervention is deemed cost-effective if its INB is positive.

Uncertainty around the cost-effectiveness analysis will be explored using cost-effectiveness planes and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs) [20]. Cost-effectiveness planes plot the mean differences in total cost and QALYs. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve will be derived by calculating the proportion of bootstrapped estimates that are cost-effective across a range of willingness-to-pay thresholds, to show the probability that the intervention is cost-effective across different threshold values.

Analysis of qualitative data

Qualitative data was transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify themes of importance to patients and to staff who were responsible for recruiting patients to the trial [21]. Separate coding frames were initially developed for patients and staff through a process of line-by-line coding, organising, and reviewing themes. Interpretative analysis was then undertaken to identify overarching themes, which were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to provide a theoretical understanding of factors that influence recruitment practices [22]. Based on this framework, we identified 16 strategies that could be used to support recruitment by addressing the barriers and enhancing the enablers to recruitment, which were then discussed, prioritised and implemented amongst the research team [16].

Data from GP interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis [23], ensuring a thorough engagement with the data and depth of interpretation. Following a process of data familiarisation, codes were identified through line-by-line coding, refined, and grouped into preliminary themes on the basis of shared ideas or concepts. Refinements to the specifics of themes, and thematic patterns continued until a useful and meaningful analysis was achieved.

Missing data and sensitivity analyses

Every attempt will be made to collect full follow-up data on all study participants, and it is thus anticipated that missing data will be minimal. Patients who withdraw from IMP will be invited to continue follow-up where possible.

Confidentiality

All data will be handled in accordance with the Data Protection Act 2018.

Trial organisation, ethics and dissemination

Trial Management Group

The Trial Management Group (TMG) is responsible for assisting with the design, coordination and day-to-day operational and strategic management of the trial. The TMG is composed of the Chief Investigator (CI), Chief Scientific Investigator (CSI), expert clinicians (hepatologists, gastroenterologists), trial methodologist, statistician, trial manager, trial pharmacist, qualitative researchers, CRN representatives, patient advocates and health economists.

Data Monitoring Committee

The Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) is comprised of an independent clinical chair with expertise in liver disease, an independent hepatologist, and an independent statistician. The DMC will have access to accumulating comparative data and in accordance with ICH-GCP guidelines, are responsible for monitoring trial conduct and safety, assessing risk and benefits and making recommendations to safeguard the interests of trial participants. The DMC will inform the Trial Steering Committee (TSC) if there are any issues raised from its discussions and make recommendations on trial continuation based on adverse events and adverse reactions reported.

Trial Steering Committee

The Trial Steering Committee (TSC) will assess trial conduct and recruitment. The TSC is comprised of an independent clinical chair, chief investigator, trial statistician, clinical co-applicants, patient representatives and independent primary and secondary care clinicians. This group oversees the running of the trial and discusses any issues that may arise throughout recruitment and follow-up of participants. If the DMC make a recommendation to prematurely terminate the trial, the TSC will review and decide the course of action.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was provided by the Leeds West Research Ethics Committee, (Reference: 19/YH/0015) and a clinical trials authorisation was issued by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), (Reference: CTA 21416/0243/001–0001).

Frequency and plan for monitoring trial conduct

To ensure patient safety and data integrity, all sites will be monitored (on-site or remote) to ensure quality assurance in that the site is adhering to the trial protocol, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines and regulations, during the running of the trial. The first monitoring visit, following initiation of the site and trial commencement, will take place within 8 weeks of randomising the first patient. Subsequent monitoring visits will take place every 6 months thereafter. In addition, the sites will be centrally monitored where study data will be regularly checked for any anomalies.

Ancillary and post-trial care

Participants will return to the standard of care once they discontinue trial medication before the allocated period or at the end of their trial participation. King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust will provide NHS indemnity cover for negligent harm, as appropriate and is not in the position to indemnify for non-negligent harm.

Dissemination

The results of this trial will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal to maximise chances of acceptance and implementation into clinical practice, regardless of the effect on outcomes. The manuscript will be prepared by CI or delegate and authorship will be determined by the trial publication policy, which follows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Research findings will also be presented at conferences and seminars. Participants will be informed of the results via the BOPPP website (www.boppp-trial.org) and partners in the British Liver Trust (BLT) organisation.

Trial status

As of 21st December 2023, the protocol version is 4.0 dated 31st May 2023. The first patient was randomised on 8th August 2019 to protocol v1.4 dated 5th June 2019. Enrolment is expected to reach the target sample size in May 2024. The trial endpoint was formally changed on 25th August 2023 after approval from the funder on 23rd January 2023 and subsequent permissions granted from the Research Ethics Committee, resulting in the trial protocol being submitted for publication at a later stage.