Abstract
One of the variants of the global survey method developed and used for many years at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences is described. Data from the world network of neutron monitors for every hour from July 1957 to the present has been processed by this method. A consistent continuous series of hourly characteristics of variation of the density and vector anisotropy of cosmic rays with a rigidity of 10 GV is obtained. A database of Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic rays caused by large-scale disturbances of the interplanetary medium for more than half a century has been created based on this series. The capabilities of the database make it possible to perform a correlation analysis of various parameters of the space environment (characteristics of the Sun, solar wind, and interplanetary magnetic field) with the parameters of cosmic rays and to study their interrelationships in the solar–terrestrial space. The features of reception coefficients for different stations are considered, which allows the transition from variations according to ground measurements to variations of primary cosmic rays. The advantages and disadvantages of this variant of the global survey method and the opportunities for its development and improvement are assessed. The developed method makes it possible to minimize the problems of the network of neutron monitors and to make significant use of its advantages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abunina, M., Abunin, A., Belov, A., Eroshenko, E., Gaidash, S., Oleneva, V., Yanke, V., and Kryakunova, O., On the influence of the coronal hole latitude and polarity on the geomagnetic activity and cosmic ray variations, in Proc. 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 2016, id 082.
Alania, M., Szabelski, J., and Wawrzynczak, A., Modeling and experimental study of the Forbush effects of galactic cosmic rays, in Proc. 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Tsakuba, Japan, 2003, pp. 3585–3588.
Aleksanyan, T.M., Bednazhevsky, V.M., Blokh, Y.L., Dorman, L.I., and Starkov, F.A., Coupling coefficients of the neutron component for the stars of various multiplicities inferred from the measurements of the broad research vessel ‘Academician Kurchatov’, in Proc. 16th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 1979, vol. 4, pp. 315–320.
Altuchov, A.M., Krimsky, G.F., and Kuzmin, A.I., The method of “global survey” for investigation cosmic ray modulation, in Proc. 11th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 1969, vol. 4, pp. 457–460.
Asipenka, A.S., Belov, A.V., Eroshenko, E.A., Klepach, E.G., Oleneva, V.A., and Yanke, V.G., Interactive database of cosmic ray anisotropy (DB A10), in Proc. 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Merida, Mexico, 2007, vol. 1, pp. 629–632.
Belov, A.V., Large scale modulation: View from the Earth, Space Sci. Rev., 2000, vol. 93, pp. 79–105.
Belov, A.V., Forbush effects and their connection with solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic phenomena, in Proc. IAU Symposium No. 257, 2009, pp. 439–450.
Belov, A.V. and Eroshenko, E.A., The reception coefficients of neutron monitors, Proc. 17th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Paris, 1981, vol. 4, pp. 97–100.
Belov, A.V., Blokh, Ya.A., Dorman, L.I., Eroshenko, E.A., Inozemtseva, O.I., and Kaminer, N.S., Studies of isotropic and anisotropic cosmic ray variations in the Earth’s vicinities during disturbed periods, in Proc. 13th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Denver, USA, 1973, vol. 2, pp. 1247–1255.
Belov, A.V., Blokh, Ya.L., Dorman, L.I., Eroshenko, E.A., Inozemtseva, O.I., and Kaminer, N.S., Anisotropy and time-dependent changes in the spectrum of cosmic-ray intensity variations during August, 1972, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz., 1974, vol. 38, pp. 1867–1875.
Belov, A.V., Eroshenko, E.A., Mueller-Mellin, R., Kunow, H., Heber, B., and Yanke, V.G., Latitudinal and radial variations in protons and alpha-particles with energies more than 2 GeV/n at the solar maximum: Data from the Ulysses space mission and neutron monitor network, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2003a, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 429–436.
Belov, A.V., Eroshenko, E.A., Heber, B., Yanke, V.G., Raviart, A., Müller-Mellin, R., and Kunow, H., Latitudinal and radial variation of >2 GeV/n protons and alpha particles in the southern heliosphere at solar maximum: ULYSSES COSPIN KET and neutron monitor network observations, Ann. Geophys., 2003b, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1295–1302.
Belov, A., Baisultanova, L., Eroshenko, E., Yanke, V., Mavromichalaki, H., Plainaki, C., Mariatos, G., and Pchelkin, V., Magnetospheric effects in cosmic rays during the unique magnetic storm on November 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 2005, vol. 110, A09S20. doi 10.1029/2005JA011067
Belov, A., Eroshenko, E., Oleneva, V., and Yanke, V., Connection of Forbush effects to the X-ray flares, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 2008, vol. 70, nos. 2–4, pp. 342–350.
Belov, A.V., Asipenka, A., Dryn’, E.A., Eroshenko, E.A., Kryakunova, O.N., Oleneva, V.A., and Yanke, V., Behavior of the cosmic-ray vector anisotropy before interplanetary shocks, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2009, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 331–333.
Bieber, J. and Evenson, P., Spaceship Earth—an optimized network of neutron monitor, in Proc. 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rome, 1995, vol. 4, pp. 1316–1319.
Cane, H., Coronal mass ejections and Forbush decreases, Space Sci. Rev., 2000, vol. 93, nos. 1–2, pp. 55–77.
Carmichael, H., Shea, M.A., Smart, D.F., and McCall, J.R., Geographically smoothed geomagnetic cutoffs, Can. J. Phys., 1969, vol. 47, pp. 2067–2072.
Chirkov, N.P., Altukhov, A.M., Krymskii, G.F., et al., Cosmic ray distribution and the acceptance vectors of detectors. III, Geomagn. Aeron., 1967, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 621–631.
Clem, J.M. and Dorman, L.I., Neutron monitor response functions, Space Sci. Rev., 2000, vol. 93, pp. 335–359.
Dorman, L.I., Variatsii kosmicheskikh luchei (Cosmic Ray Variations), Moscow: Gostekhteorizdat, 1957.
Dorman, L.I., Meteorologicheskie effekty kosmicheskikh luchei (Meteorological Effects of Cosmic Rays), Moscow: Nauka, 1972.
Dorman, L.I., Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and Other Planets, Springer, 2009.
Dorman, L.I., Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Underground, Springer, 2010.
Dorman, L.I. and Yanke, V.G., On the theory of meteorological effects of cosmic rays, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR: Ser. Fiz., 1971a, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2556–2570.
Dorman, L.I. and Yanke, V.G., On the theory of meteorological effects of cosmic rays, II, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR: Ser. Fiz., 1971b, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2571–2582.
Dorman, L.I., Fedchenko, S.G., Granitsky, L.V., and Rishe, G.A., Coupling and barometer coefficients for measurements of cosmic ray variations at altitudes of 260–400 mb, in Proc. 11th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Budapest, 1970, vol. 29, pp. 233–236.
Dorman, L.I., Smirnov, V.S., and Tyasto, M.I., Kosmicheskie luchi v magnitnom pole Zemli (Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Magnetic Field), Moscow: Nauka, 1971.
Dorman, L.I., Smirnov, V.S., and Tyasto, M.I., Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Magnetic Field, Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1973.
Dvornikov, V.M., Sdobnov, V.E., and Sergeev, A.V., Analysis of cosmic ray pitch-angle anisotropy during the Forbush-effect in June 1972 by the method of spectrographic global survey, in Proc. 18th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Bangalore, India, 1983, vol. 3, pp. 249–252.
Dvornikov, V.M., Sdobnov, V.E., and Sergeev, A.V., The method of spectrographic global survey for analyzing variations in the intensity of cosmic rays of interplanetary and magnetospheric origin, in Variatsii kosmicheskikh luchei i issledovaniya kosmosa (Cosmic Ray Variations and Space Research), Moscow: IZMIRAN, 1986, pp. 232–237.
Dvornikov, V.M., Kravtsova, M.V., and Sdobnov, V.E., Coronal mass ejections and effects in cosmic rays, Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk: Ser. Fiz., 2006, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 1504–1507.
Evenson, P. and Pyle, R., The University of Delaware’s Bartol Neutron Monitor Network, 2017. http://cosray. phys.uoa.gr/images/Pres/Posters/P01_Evenson_ Pyle.pdf.
Forsythe, G., Malcolm, M., and Moler, C., Computer Methods for Mathematical Computations, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1977; Moscow: Mir, 1980.
Kobelev, P., Belov, A., Eroshenko, E., and Yanke, V., Coupling coefficients and energy characteristics of the ground level cosmic ray detectors, in Proc. 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2013, id 878.
Korotkov, V.K., Berkova, M.D., Belov, A.V., Kobelev, P.G., Eroshenko, E.A., and Yanke, V.G., Effect of snow in cosmic ray variations and methods for taking it into consideration, Geomagn. Aeron. (Engl. Transl.), 2011, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 247–253.
Korotkov, V., Berkova, M., Belov, A., Eroshenko, E., Yanke, V., and Pyle, R., Procedure to emend neutron monitor data that are affected by snow accumulations on and around the detector housing, J. Geophys. Res.: Space, 2013, vol. 118, no. 11, pp. 6852–6857.
Krymskii, G.F., Altukhov, A.M., Kuz’min, A.I., and Skripin, G.V., Novyi metod issledovaniya anizotropii kosmicheskikh luchei. Issledovanie po geomagnetizmu i aeronomii (New Method for Studying the Cosmic Ray Anisotropy. A Study of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy). Moscow: Nauka, 1966a.
Krymskii, G.F., Kuz’min, A.I., Chirkov, N.P., et al., Cosmic ray distribution and the acceptance vectors of detectors. I, Geomagn. Aeron., 1966b, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 991–996.
Krymskii, G.F., Kuz’min, A.I., Chirkov, N.P., et al., Cosmic ray distribution and the acceptance vectors of detectors. I, Geomagn. Aeron., 1967, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11–15.
Krymskii, G.F., Kuz’min, A.I., Krivoshapkin, P.A., Samsonov, I.S., Skripin, G.V., Transkii, I.A., and Chirkov, N.P., Kosmicheskie luchi i solnechnyi veter (Cosmic Rays and Solar Wind), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981.
Lockwood, J.A., Forbush decreases in the cosmic radiation, Space Sci. Rev., 1971, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 658–715.
Lockwood, J.A., List of Forbush decreases 1954–1990 with supplemental information, Sol. Geophys. Data, 1990, no. 549, pp. 154–163.
McCracken, K.G., Rao, V.R., and Shea, M.A., The trajectories of cosmic rays in a high degree simulation of the geomagnetic field, Tech. Rep. no. 77, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1962.
McCracken, K.G., Rao, V.R., Fowler, B.C., Shea, M.A., and Smart, D.F., Cosmic Ray Tables (Asymptotic Directions, Variational Coefficients and Cut-off Rigidities), IQSY Instruction Manual No. 10, London: IQSY Committee, 1965.
Moraal, H., Belov, A., and Clem, J., Design and co-ordination of multi-station international neutron monitor network, Space Sci. Rev., 2000, vol. 93, pp. 285–303.
Nagashima, K., Three-dimensional cosmic ray anisotropy in interplanetary space, Rep. Ionos. Space Res., 1971, vol. 25, pp. 189–211.
Nagashima, K., Sakakibara, S., Murakami, K., and Morishita, I., Response and yield functions of neutron monitor, galactic cosmic-ray spectrum and its solar modulation, derived from all the available world-wide surveys, Nuovo Cimento C, 1989, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 173–209.
Pomerantz, M.A. and Duggal, S.P., North–south anisotropies in the cosmic radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 1972, vol. 77, pp. 263–265.
Richardson, I.G., Dvornikov, V.M., Sdobnov, V.E., and Cane, H.V., Bidirectional particle flows at cosmic ray and lower (~1 MeV) energies and their association with interplanetary coronal mass ejections/ejecta, J. Geophys. Res., 2000, vol. 105, no. A6, pp. 12579–12592.
Russell, C.T., Geophysical coordinate transformations, Cosmic Electrodyn., 1971, vol. 2, pp. 184–196.
Shea, M.A., Smart, D.F., and McCall, J.R., A five degree by fifteen degree world grid of trajectory-determined vertical cutoff rigidities, Can. J. Phys., 1968, vol. 46, pp. 1098–1101.
Shea, M.A., Smart, D.F., Humble, J.E., Fluckiger, E.O., Gentile, L.C., and Nichol, M.R., A revised standard format for cosmic ray ground-level event data, in Proc. 20th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Moscow, 1987, vol. 3, pp. 171–174.
Smart, D.F., World grid of calculated cosmic ray vertical cutoff rigidities for epoch 1990.0, Proc. 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Durban, South Africa, 1997, vol. 2, pp. 401–404.
Yasue, S., Mori, S., Sakakibara, S., and Nagashima, K., Coupling Coefficients of Cosmic Ray Daily Variations for Neutron Monitor Stations, Nagoya: Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory, 1982, CRRL Rep. no. 7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © A.V. Belov, E.A. Eroshenko, V.G. Yanke, V.A. Oleneva, M.A. Abunina, A.A. Abunin, 2018, published in Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 3.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Belov, A.V., Eroshenko, E.A., Yanke, V.G. et al. Global Survey Method for the World Network of Neutron Monitors. Geomagn. Aeron. 58, 356–372 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793218030039
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793218030039