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Explaining the rate of opportunity compared to necessity entrepreneurship in a cross-cultural context: Analysis and policy implications

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Abstract

Improving the quality of entrepreneurial activities has become a priority in policy debates globally. However, despite significant investment in resources, the outcome is disappointing, as the relative rate of opportunity compared to necessity entrepreneurship has not improved significantly across nations. Grounded in an institutional theory approach, we examine whether culture is the missing link in our understanding of the conditions that explain cross-national variance in this rate. Our analyses, based on a 10-year panel dataset comprising 58 nations, support our arguments, in that we find that the cultural dimensions of autonomy–embeddedness, egalitarianism–hierarchy, and mastery–harmony moderate the extent to which regulatory burden and cognitive infrastructure influence the relative rate of opportunity compared to necessity entrepreneurship across nations. Our findings advance the contextualized approach in entrepreneurship and illustrate that understanding the integrative effects of formal institutional environment and informal cultural framework is critical for improving the quality of entrepreneurial activities. We offer implications that will be useful for policymakers to consider as they advance programs to improve the economic growth of nations.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Editor, Luis Alfonso Dau, and three Journal of International Business Policy anonymous reviewers for their extremely constructive and detailed feedback that allowed us to improve our manuscript significantly.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management, College of Business, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, 48197, USA

    Ratan J. S. Dheer

  2. Department of Management Programs, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA

    Len J. Treviño

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  1. Ratan J. S. Dheer
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Correspondence to Ratan J. S. Dheer.

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Accepted by Luis Dau, Area Editor, 11 December 2020. This article has been with the authors for three revisions.

Appendices

Appendix 1: List of Countries

  1. Argentina

    Israel

  2. Australia

    Italy

  3. Austria

    Japan

  4. Belgium

    Latvia

  5. Bolivia

    Macedonia

  6. Bosnia

    Malaysia

  7. Brazil

    Mexico

  8. Cameroon

    Netherlands

  9. Canada

    Norway

  10. Chile

    Peru

  11. China

    Philippines

  12. Colombia

    Poland

  13. Costa Rica

    Portugal

  14. Croatia

    Romania

  15. Czech Republic

    Russia

  16. Denmark

    Singapore

  17. Egypt

    Slovakia

  18. Estonia

    Slovenia

  19. Finland

    South Africa

  20. France

    South Korea

  21. Germany

    Spain

  22. Ghana

    Sweden

  23. Greece

    Switzerland

  24. Hong Kong

    Thailand

  25. Hungary

    Turkey

  26. India

    Uganda

  27. Indonesia

    United Kingdom

  28. Iran

    United States

  29. Ireland

    Venezuela

Appendix 2

See Table 4.

Table 4 Effect on opportunity–necessity ratio without GDP per capita
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Dheer, R.J.S., Treviño, L.J. Explaining the rate of opportunity compared to necessity entrepreneurship in a cross-cultural context: Analysis and policy implications. J Int Bus Policy 5, 29–55 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00098-y

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