Skip to main content
Log in

Exiting the political stage: exploring the impact on representative democracy

  • Original Article
  • Published:
British Politics Aims and scope

Abstract

Political exit is relatively under-researched. This paper examines the experiences of politicians leaving political office through different routes, the impact on individual politicians, their partners and family, and crucially examines the implications for representative democracy. The paper explores the experience of the transition from political office drawing on empirical research in which 41 interviews were conducted with politicians who had left office, either having been defeated or having chosen not to stand again, their partners, and with current politicians about their thinking on their own future exit from office. This paper then focuses on the wider implications of political exit. It argues that the conditions into which politicians are elected and the smoothness or otherwise with which they can leave office have wider implications for representative democracy. It argues that for a healthy, sustainable democracy, the route into and out of political office should be less problematic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, P., and P. Cairney. 2017. What Do We Mean When We Talk About the ‘Political Class’. Political Studies Review 15 (1): 18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle, 1992. The Politics. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balls, E. 2016. Speaking Out. Lessons in Life and Politics. London: Hutchinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baturo, A. 2014. Democracy, Dictatorship and Term Limits. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baturo, A. 2016. Democracy, Development, and Career Trajectories of Former Political Leaders. Comparative Political Studies 1–32.

  • Beehr, T.A. 1986. The Process of Retirement: A Review and Recommendations for Future Investigation. Personnel Psychology 39: 31–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belenky, I. 1999. The Making of the Ex-Presidents, 1797–1993: Six Recurrent Models. Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 (1): 150–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, R., and N. Rao. 2005. Transforming Local Political Leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, R., V. Dodd,. and N. Parveen. 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/16/labour-mp-jo-cox-shot-in-west-yorkshire.

  • Bynander, F., and P. ‘t Hart. 2008. The Art of Handing Over: (Mis)Managing Party Leadership Successions. Government and Opposition 43 (3): 385–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, C., and K. Theakston. 2016. Leaving the House: The Experience of Former Members of Parliament Who Left the House of Commons in 2010. Parliamentary Affairs 69 (3): 686–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairney, P., M. Keating, and A. Wilson. 2016. Solving the Problem of Social Background in the UK ‘Political Class’: Do Parties do Things Differently in Westminster, Devolved and EUROPEAN Elections? British Politics 11 (2): 142–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, J.W. 1998. Jimmy Carter’s Public Policy Ex-Presidency. Political Science Quarterly 113 (3): 405–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, S. 2005. Direct Representation. Towards a Conversational Democracy. London: IPPR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowley, P. 2012. Arise, Novice Leader! The Continuing Rise of the Career Politician in Britain. Politics 32: 31–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Communities and Local Government. 2007. Representing the Future. Report of the Councillors Commission. London: Communities and Local Government Publications.

  • Doherty, D.C. 2001. To Run or Not to Run? Canadian Parliamentary Review 24: 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowding, K., and W.-T. Kang. 1998. Ministerial Resignations 1945–1997. Public Administration 76: 411–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowding, K. and E. McLeay. 2011. The Firing Line: When and Why Do Prime Ministers Fire Ministerial Colleagues? In How Power Changes Hands, eds. P. ‘t Hart and J. Uhr. Transition and Succession in Government. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Ebaugh, H.R.F. 1988. Becoming an Ex. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ennser-Jedenastik, L., and W.C. Muller. 2015. Intra-Party Democracy, Political Performance, and the Survival of Party Leaders: Austria, 1945-2011. Party Politics 21 (6): 930–943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G., and J. Tilley. 2017. The New Politics of Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, Y., D.E. Gray, and H. Goregaokar. 2013. Job Loss and its Aftermath Among Managers and Professionals: Wounded, Fragmented and Flexible. Work, Employment & Society 27 (1): 56–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Bailón, S., W. Jennings, and M. Lodge. 2013. Politics in the Boardroom: Corporate Pay, Networks and Recruitment of Former Parliamentarians, Ministers and Civil Servants in Britain. Political Studies 61 (4): 850–873.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J. 1987. Managerial Unemployment: the wife’s perspective and role. In Unemployment Personal and Social Consequences, ed. S. Fineman. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J. 2010. Political Leadership. In The New Public Leadership Challenge, ed. S. Brookes and K. Grint. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J., and J. Benington. 2010. Leadership for Healthcare. Bristol: Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, C. 2007. Why We Hate Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, M.B. 1976. Beyond the Presidency The Residues of Power. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, M. 1982. Employment and Unemployment. A Socio-Psychological Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, W., G. Stoker, and J. Twyman. 2016. The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain. Parliamentary Affairs 69: 876–900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Just, P.D. 2004. United Kingdom: Life After Number 10—Premiers Emeritus and Parliament. The Journal of Legislative Studies 10 (2–3): 66–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, J., H. Patapan, and P. ‘t Hart (eds.). 2011. Dispersed Democratic Leadership. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane, J. 2011. Life After Political Death. In Dispersed Democratic Leadership, ed. J. Kane, H. Patapan and P. t Hart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Kenny, M. and N. Pearce. 2014. New Statesman. 25 July–7 August 2014.

  • King, A. 1981. The Rise of the Career Politician in Britain—And its Consequences. British Journal of Political Science 11: 249–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, A. 2015. Who Governs Britain?. UK: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwiatkowski, R. 2015. Our House. The House 37 no.1513, 27 March 2015.

  • Lamprinakou, C., M. Morucci, R. Campbell, and J. van Heerde-Hudson. 2017. All Change in the House? The Profile of Candidates and MPs in the 2015 British General Election. Parliamentary Affairs 70 (2): 207–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lally, P. 2007. Identity and Athletic Retirement: A Prospective Study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 8: 85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machiavelli, N. 2009. The Prince. London: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mair, P. 2013. Ruling the Void. The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manhire, T. 2016. http://thespinoff.co.nz/politics/05-12-2016/bloody-hell-john-key-just-quit-as-prime-minister-this-is-not-how-things-happen/.

  • Marris, P. 1993. Loss and Change. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A.E. 1951. After the White House. Pennsylvania: Penns Valley Publishers Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milburn, A. 2014. Elitist Britain?. www.dera.ioe.ac.uk. Accessed 23 Nov 2014.

  • Norton Smith, R., and T. Walch (eds.). 1990. Farewell to the Chief. Wyoming: Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Association Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oborne, P. 2007. The Triumph of the Political Class. London: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paikin, S. 2003. The Dark Side. Canada: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petracca, M. 1992. Rotation in Office: The History of an Idea. In Limiting Legislative Terms, ed. G. Benjamin and M.J. Malbin. Congressional Quarterly Inc. 19–51.

  • Pidd, H. 2017. Youngest MP may not Stand Again for ‘Defunct’ Commons. The Guardian, 13 March 2017.

  • Plato, 2007. The Republic. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, E. 1977. Joseph Chamberlain. London: Thames and Hudson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reicher, S.D., S.A. Haslam, and M.J. Platow. 2016. Social Psychology. In The Oxford Textbook of Political Leadership, ed. R.A.W Rhodes and P.’t Hart.

  • Rhodes, R.A.W., and P. ‘t Hart. 2016. The Puzzles of Political Leadership. In The Oxford Textbook of Political Leadership, ed. R.A.W. Rhodes and P. ‘t Hart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddell, P. 1995. The Impact of the Rise of the Career Politician. The Journal of Legislative Studies 1 (2): 186–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddell, P. 1996. Honest Opportunism: How We Get the Politicians We Deserve. London: Indigo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. 2017. Losing Political Office. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruscio, K.P. 2004. The Leadership Dilemma in Modern Democracy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rush, M., and V. Cromwell. 2004. Continuity and Change: Legislative Recruitment in the United Kingdom 1868–1999. In Parliamentary Representatives in Europe, ed. H. Best and M. Cotta, 1848–2000. Legislative Recruitment and Careers in Eleven European Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenker, A. 1982. Former Presidents: Suggestions for the Study of an Often Neglected Resource. Presidential Studies Quarterly 12 (4): 545–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffir, W., and S. Kleinknecht. 2005. Death at the Polls. Experiencing and Coping with Political Defeat. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 34 (6): 707–738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skidmore, M.J. 2004. After the White House. New York and Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoker, G. 2006. Why Politics Matters. Making Democracy Work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subasic, E. and K.J. Reynolds. 2011. Power Consolidation in Leadership Change Contexts: A Social Identity Perspective. In How Power Changes Hands. Transition and Succession in Government, ed. P. ‘t Hart and J. Uhr. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theakston, K., E. Gouge, and V. Honeyman. 2007. Life after Losing or Leaving. The Experience of Former members of Parliament. A report for the Association of Former Members of Parliament by the University of Leeds.

  • Theakston, K. 2010. After Number 10. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theakston, K., and J. De Vries. 2012. Former Leaders in Modern Democracies. Political Sunsets. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, M.H. 2009. Journeys into grief: exploring redundancy for a new understanding of work place grief. Journal of Loss and Trauma 14 (5): 401–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, J. 2016. Biographical Analysis In The Oxford Textbook of Political Leadership, ed. R.A.W Rhodes and P. ‘t Hart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Wang, M. 2013. Retirement: An Introduction and Overview of the Handbook. In The Oxford Textbook of Retirement, ed. M. Wang. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiiliams, L-M. 2011. The Queen’s Park After-party: Post-Cabinet Life in the Legislature. Paper prepared for the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Waterloo, Ontario.

  • Weinberg, A. 2012. Should the job of national politicians carry a government health warning? The impact of psychological strain on politicians. In The Psychology of Politicians, ed. A. Weinberg. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

  • Weinberg, A. 2015. A Longitudinal Study on the Impact of Changes in the Job, and the Expenses Scandal on UK National Politicians’ Experiences of Work, Stress and the Hone-Work Interface. Parliamentary Affairs 68: 248–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wren, T. 2007. Inventing Leadership. The Challenge of Democracy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T. 2013. What is it About Politicians? Political Quarterly 84 (4): 448–453.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jane Roberts.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Roberts, J. Exiting the political stage: exploring the impact on representative democracy. Br Polit 14, 391–407 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-018-00091-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-018-00091-3

Keywords

Navigation