Abstract
We determined that location of host (Cydia pomonella) eggs by Ascogaster quadridentata is mediated by kairomones, investigated potential sources of the kairomones and identified a blend of kairomones from the source that was attractive to A. quadridentata. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, female A. quadridentata were attracted to Porapak Q-collected volatiles from female C. pomonella scales and eggs, but not to C. pomonella sex pheromone. Scales of C. pomonella were also attractive to male A. quadridentata. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analysis of scale volatile extracts revealed numerous compounds that elicited responses from male or female A. quadridentata antennae, including heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecan-2-one, dodecanal, pentadecan-2-one, (Z)-6-pentadecen-2-one, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-6-heptadecen-2-one, and 3,7,11-trimethyl-2E,6E,10-dodecatrien-1-ol acetate. A synthetic blend of these compounds at quantities and ratios equivalent to Porapak Q scale volatile extract was attractive to female A. quadridentata in a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adams, R. P. 1989. Identification of Essential Oils by Ion Mass Spectroscopy. Academic Press, Toronto.
Aldrich, J. R., Rosi, M. C., and Bin, F. 1995. Behavioral correlates for minor volatile compounds from stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21:1907-1920.
Arn, H., StÄdler, E., and Rauscher, S. 1975. The electroantennographic detector—a selective and sensitive tool in the gas chromatographic analysis of insect pheromones. Z. Naturforsch. 30c:722-725.
Assem, J. van den. 1986. Mating behaviour in parasitic wasps, pp. 137-167, in J. K. Waage and D. Greathead (eds.). Insect Parasitoids. Academic Press, London.
Borden, A. D. 1931. Some field observations on codling moth behavior. J. Econ. Entomol. 24:1137-1145.
Brown, J. J. 1993. Codling moth integrated pest management. Proc. Wash. State Hortic. Assoc. 89:68-71.
Chiri, A. A., and Legner, E. F. 1982. Host-searching kairomones alter behavior of Chelonus sp. nr. curvimaculatus, a hymenopterous parasite of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Environ. Entomol. 11:452-455.
Chiri, A. A., and Legner, E. F. 1986. Response of three Chelonus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species to kairomones in scales of six Lepidoptera. Can. Entomol. 118:329-333.
Clausen, C. P. 1978. Olethreutidea, pp. 211-218, in C. P. Clausen (ed.). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 480.
Dolstad, K. D. 1985. Biology and control of the codling moth in the Pacific Northwest. M.P.M. Professional Paper. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby.
Dool, H. van den, and Kratz, P. D. 1963. A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 2:463-471.
Godfray, H. C. J. 1994. Parasitoids: Behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Monographs in Behavior and Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Harris, M. O., and Foster, S. P. 1995. Behavior and integration, pp. 3-46, in R. T. Cardé and W. J. Bell (eds.). Chemical Ecology of Insects 2. Chapman and Hall, Toronto.
Kainoh, Y., Tatsuki, S., and Kusano, T. 1990. Host moth scales; a cue for host location for Ascogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 25:17-25.
Kaiser, L., and CardÉ, R. T. 1992. In-flight orientation to volatiles from the plant host complex in Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Increased sensitivity through olfactory conditioning. Physiol. Entomol. 17:62-67.
Kaiser, L., Pham-Delegue, M. H., Bakchine, E., and Masson, C. 1989. Olfactory responses of Trichogramma maidis Pint. et Voeg.: Effect of chemical cues and behavioral plasticity. J. Insect Behav. 2:701-712.
Kromer, V. F. 1986. The kairomone of the codling moth Laspeyresia pomonella L. and its influence on the host-finding behavior of the braconid wasp Ascogaster quadridentatus Wesm. Zool. Anz. 216:271-278.
Lewis, W. J., Jones, R. L., and Sparks, A. N. 1972. A host-seeking stimulant for the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescens: Its source and a demonstration of its laboratory and field activity. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65:1087-1089.
Lewis, W. J., Nordlund, D. A., Gueldner, R. C., Teal, P. E. A., and Tumlinson, J. H. 1982. Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. XIII. Kairomonal activity for Trichogramma spp. of abdominal tips, excretion, and a synthetic sex pheromone blend of Heliothis zea (Boddie) moths. J. Chem. Ecol. 8:1323-1331.
Li, Y., Dickens, J. C., and Steiner, W. W. M. 1992. Antennal olfactory responsiveness of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to cotton plant volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 18:1761-1773.
Noldus, L. P. J. J. 1989. Semiochemicals, foraging behavior and quality of entomophagous insects for biological control. J. Appl. Entomol. 108:425-451.
Noldus, L. P. J. J., and van Lenteren, J. C. 1985. Kairomones for the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescens Westwood. I. Effect of volatile substances released by two of its hosts, Pieris brassicae L. and Mamestra brassicae L. J. Chem. Ecol. 11:781-791.
Nordlund, D. A., Lewis, W. J., Todd, J. W., and Chalfant, R. B. 1977. Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects VII. The involvement of various stimuli in the differential response of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley to two suitable hosts. J. Chem. Ecol. 3:513-518.
Putman, W. L. 1963. The codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): A review with special reference to Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 93:22-60.
Riddick, E. W., and Mills, N. J. 1994. Potential of adult carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as predators of fifth-instar codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards in California. Environ. Entomol. 23:1338-1345.
Rosenberg, H. T. 1934. The biology and distribution in France of the larval parasites of Cydia pomonella L. Bull. Entomol. Res. 25:201-256.
Rotundo, G., and Tremblay, E. 1993. Electroantennographic responses of chestnut moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and their parasitoid Ascogaster quadridentatus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to volatiles from chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) leaves. Redia 76:361-373.
Shaw, M. R., and Huddleston, T. 1991. Classification and biology of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), pp. 59-62, in W. R. Dolling and R. R. Askew (eds.). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol. 7, Part 11. Royal Entomological Society of London, London.
Shields, E. J. 1989. Artificial light: Experimental problems with insects. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. Summer:40-44.
TakÁcs, S., Gries, G., and Gries, R. 1997. Semiochemical-mediated location of host habitat by Apanteles carpatus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of clothes moth larvae. J. Chem. Ecol. 23:459-472.
Vet, L. E. M., Lewis, W. J., and CardÉ, R. T. 1995. Parasitoid foraging and learning, pp. 65-101, in R. T. Cardé and W. J. Bell (eds.). Chemical Ecology of Insects 2. Chapman and Hall, Toronto.
Vinson, S. B. 1972. Courtship behavior and evidence for a sex pheromone in the parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Environ. Entomol. 1:409-414.
Vinson, S. B. 1975. Source of material in the tobacco budworm which initiates host-searching by the egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus texanus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:381-384.
Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
DeLury, N.C., Gries, R., Gries, G. et al. Moth Scale-Derived Kairomones Used by Egg–Larval Parasitoid Ascogaster quadridentata to Locate Eggs of Its Host, Cydia pomonella . J Chem Ecol 25, 2419–2431 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020861821919
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020861821919