Skip to main content
Log in

Geopolitics in the nineties: one flag, many meanings

  • Published:
GeoJournal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article provides an overview of recent publications on geopolitics. The diversity is overwhelming. Publications are therefore divided into four ‘schools’: neo-classical geopolitics, subversive geopolitics, non-geopolitics and critical geopolitics. These four schools are distinguished on two dimensions. The first is the distance to the object under study (practical/applied versus academic/reflective). The second refers to the position towards the state system (states as the principal geopolitical actors versus attention for other political actors and interests). Despite their differences, the four types of studies share a growing interest in geoeconomics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agnew J. (ed.), 1997: Political Geography, a reader. Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew J., 1998: Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew J. & Corbrigde S., 1989: The new geopolitics: the dynamics of geopolitical disorder. In: Johnston R.J. & Taylor P. (eds), A World in Crisis: Geographical Perspectives. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 266- 288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew J. & Corbridge S., 1995: Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert B., 1992: Indian lands, environmental policy and military geopolitics in the development of the Brazilian Amazon: the case of the Yanomami. Development & Change 23: 35-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson E.W., 1993: An Atlas of World Political Flashpoints: a Sourcebook of Geopolitical Crisis. Facts on File, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson E.W., 1998: The effects of globalization on geopolitical perspectives. Geojournal 45: 105-108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson J., Brook C. & Cochrane A. (eds), 1995: A Global World? Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonisch, M., 1997: La geopolitica italiana nelle riviste Geopolitica, Hérodote/Italia (Erodoto), Limes. Bollettino della societa geografica italiana Serie XII, Vol. II, Fascicolo 3, 411-418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson D., 1995: Geopolitics, cartography and geographical knowledge: envisioning Africa from fascist Italy. In: Bell M. et al. (eds), Geography and Imperialism, 1820-1940. Westview, Boulder CO, pp 265-297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badie B., 1995: La fin des territoires, Essai sur le désordre international et sur l'utilité sociale du respect. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker Schaffer M., 1998: Speculations about geopolitics in the late 21st century. Futures 30: 443-452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshi J., 1994: India's geopolitical importance in the United Nations. India Quarterly 50 (4): 93-98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banuazizi A. & Weiner M. (eds), 1994: The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderland. Tauris, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassin M., 1987: Race contra space: The conflict between German ‘Geopolitik’ and National Socialism. Political Geography Quarterly 6: 115-134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassin M., 1996: Nature, geopolitics and Marxism: ecological contestations in Weimar Germany. Transactions 21: 315-341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugh D.A., 1998: Withdrawing from Europe: Anglo-French maritime geopolitics, 1750-1800. The International History Review 20: 1-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell M., Butlin R.A. & Heffernan M.J. (eds), 1995: Geography and Imperialism, 1820-1940. Manchester University Press, Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belokrenitsky V.Y., 1995: Central Asia in the new Eurasian geopolitics: implications for Pakistan and Russia. Pakistan Horizon 48 (3): 25-38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besnault, 1992: Géostratégie de l’arctique. Economica/Fondation pour les études de Défense nationale, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake G.H. (ed.), 1994: Maritime Boundaries, World Boundaries, Vol. 5. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blouet B.W., 1994: Geopolitics Revisited. Journal of Geography 92-93: 285-287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boekhout van Solinge T., 1998: Drug use and drug trafficking in Europe. TESG 89: 100-105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boniface P., dir., 1993: Atlas des relations internationales. Dunod, Paris (new edition published in 1997 by Hatier).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boniface P., 1996: La volonté d'impuissance, La fin des ambitions internationales et stratégiques? Seuil, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boniface P., dir., 1998: Géopolitique du football. Editions Complexe Interventions, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonura C.J. Jr, 1998: The occulted geopolitics of nation and culture: situating political culture within the construction of geopolitical ontologies. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics, Routledge, London, pp. 86-105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borko Y., 1997: Possible scenarios for geopolitical shifts in Russian-European relations. In: Tunander O. et al. (eds), Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe. Sage, London, pp. 196-213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botiveau B. & Cesari J., 1997: Géopolitique des islams. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boustani R. & Fargues Ph., 1990: Atlas du monde arabe: géopolitique et société. Bordas, Paris (translated as: The Atlas of the Arab World: Geopolitics and Society. Facts on File, New York, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brill H., 1994: Geopolitik, Deutschlands Chance. Ullstein, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown N., 1992: The Strategic Revolution, Thoughts for the Twenty-First Century. Brassey's, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown N., 1994: Climate Change: a Threat to Peace. Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunn S. & Mingst K., 1985: Geopolitics. In: Pacione M. (ed.), Progress in Political Geography. Croom Helm, London, pp. 41-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brzezinski Z., 1997: The Grand Chessboard, American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckwalter D.W., 1998: Geopolitical legacies and Central European export linkages: a historical and gravity model analysis of Hungary. The Professional Geographer 50: 57-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell D., 1992: Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Manchester University Press, Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell D., 1994: Politics Without Principle: Sovereignty, Ethics and Narratives of the Gulf War. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter F.W. & Norris H.T. (eds), 1996: The Changing Shape of the Balkans. UCL Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter F.W., Jordan P.& Rey V. (eds), 1996: Central Europe After the Fall of the Iron Curtain: Geopolitical Perspectives, Spatial Patterns and Trends. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catley R. & Keliat M., 1997: Spratlys: the Dispute in the South China Sea. Ashgate, Aldershot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaliand G., 1990: Anthologie mondiale de la stratégie: des origines au nucléaire. Robert Laffont, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaliand G., 1993: Atlas stratégique. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaliand G. & Jan M., 1993: Atlas nucléaire civil et militaire: des origines à la prolifération. Payot, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaliand G. & Rageau J.-P., 1983: Atlas statégique: géopolitique des rapports de forces dans le monde. Fayard, Paris (nouvelle édition en 1991; translated as: Strategic Atlas of World Geopolitics. Penguin, Harmondsworth 1985, third edition in 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth A., 1994: Contested places of memory: the case of Auschwitz. Environment and Planning D. Society and Space 12: 579- 594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi S., 1996: The Polar Regions: a Political Geography. JohnWiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi S. & Saigal K., 1996: The Western Indian Ocean and new geopolitics. Africa Quarterly 36 (3): 1-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chimni B.S., 1998: The geopolitics of refugee studies: a view from the South. Journal of Refugee Studies 11: 350-374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauprade A. & Thual F., 1998: Dictionnaire de géopolitiques: états, concepts, auteurs. Ellipses, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorbajian L., Donabedian P. & Mutafian C., 1994: The Caucasian Knot: the History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. Zed Books, London (modified translation of: Donabedian P. & Mutafian C. Arsakh: Histoire du Karabagh. Sevig Press, Paris 1991, with an extensive introduction by Chorbajian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke D.B., Doel M.A. & Mc Donough F., 1996: Holocaust topologies: singularity, politics, space. Political Geography 15: 457-489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claval P., 1994: Géopolitique et géostratégie. La pensée politique, l'espace et le territoire au XXe siècle. Nathan, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen E., 1996: La tentation hexagonale, la souveraineté à l'épreuve de la mondialisation. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen S.B., 1991: Global geopolitical change in the post-cold war era. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81: 551-580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conteh-Morgan E., 1990: American Foreign Aid and Global Power Projection: the Geopolitics of Resource Allocation. Dartmouth, Aldershot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbridge S. & Agnew J., 1991: The U.S. trade and federal deficits in global perspective: an essay in geo-political economy. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9: 71-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordonnier I., 1995: La France dans le Pacifique Sud: Approche géostratégique. Publisud, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutau-Bégarie H., 1985a: La puissance maritime. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutau-Bégarie H., 1985b: Géostratégie de l'Atlantique Sud. PUF Que sais-je? Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutau-Bégarie H., 1987: Géostratégie du Pacifique. IFRI, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutau-Bégarie H., 1993: Géostratégie de l'océan indien. Economica/ Fondation pour les études de Défense nationale, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutau-Bégarie H., dir., 1995: La lutte maritime pour l’empire de la mer: histoire et géostratégie. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crampton A. & Ó Tuathail G., 1996: Intellectuals, institutions and ideology: the case of Robert Strausz-Hupé and ‘American geopolitics’. Political Geography 15: 533-555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1988: Geopolitical discourse: The Soviet Union as other. Alternatives 13: 415-442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1990a: Creating the Second Cold War, the Discourses of Politics. Pinter, London/Guilford, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1990b: American security discourse, the persistence of geopolitics. Political Geography Quarterly 9: 171-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1991: Critical geopolitics: discourse, difference and dissent. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9: 261-283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1993: The Kiwi disease: geopolitical discourse in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Political Geography 12: 437-456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1994: Gender and critical geopolitics: reading security dicourse in the new world disorder. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 595-612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1996a: Reading Rio, writing the world: the New York Times and the ‘Earth Summit’. Political Geography 15: 593-613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1996b: Writing critical geopolitics: Campbell, Ó Tuathail, Reynolds and dissident skepticism. Political Geography 15: 655-660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1996c: Continent adrift? Dissident security discourse and the Australian geopolitical imaginiation. Australian Journal of International Affairs 50: 59-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S., 1998: Geopolitics and global security: culture, identity, and the ‘pogo syndrome’. In: Ó Tuathail G., Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 295-313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby S. & Ó Tuathail G., 1996: Editorial introduction: The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power. Political Geography 15: 451-456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson J.I., 1997: Ethnicity, ideology, and geopolitics in Crimea. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 30: 427-444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delavaud C.C., 1993: Géopolitique de l’Asie, un continent écartelé. PUF, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demko G.J. & Wood W.B. 1994: Reordering the World: Geopolitical Perspectives on the 21st Century. Westview Press, Boulder, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Der Derian J., 1998: All but war is simulation. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 261-273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijkink G., 1996: National Identity and Geopolitical Visions: Maps of Pride and Pain. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dikshit R.D., 1996: India's policy of nonalignment: a geopolitical analysis. Asian Profile 24: 313-319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K.-J., 1993a: Geopolitics, cartography and the state in South-America. Political Geography 12: 361-381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K.-J., 1993b: War stories: British elite narratives of the 1982 Falklands/Malvinas War. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11: 619-640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K.-J., 1994a: Geopolitics and foreign policy: recent developments in Anglo-American political geography and international relations. Progress in Human Geography 18: 186-208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K.-J., 1994b: Geopolitics in the Foreign Office: British representations of Argentina 1945-1961. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19: 273290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K.-J., 1994c: Creating a strategic crisis out of a communist drama? Argentine and South African geo-graphs of the South Atlantic. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 56: 33-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K., 1996: The 1982 Falklands War and a critical geopolitical eye: Steve Bell and the If... cartoons. Political Geography 15: 571-592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K., 1997: Geopolitics in Antarctica: Views from the Southern Oceanic Rim. Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K., 1998: Editorial comment: Unfinished business in the South Atlantic: the Falklands/Malvinas in the late 1990s. Political Geography 17: 623-626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K., 1998: Enframing Bosnia: the geopolitical iconography of Steve Bell. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 170-197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds K.-J. & Sidaway J.D., 1994: Locating critical geopolitics. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 525-546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doel M.A. & Clarke D.B., 1998: Figuring the Holocaust: singularity and the purification of space. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 29-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolfuss O., 1994: L'espace monde. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolfuss O., 1995: La nouvelle carte du monde. PUF Que-sais-je? Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dürr, H. & Sandner, G., 1991: Anmerkungen zu Lacostes ‘Perspektiven einer neuen Geopolitik’. Geographische Zeitschrift 79: 4, 246-252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand M.-F., Lévy J. & Retaillé D., 1992: Le monde: espaces et systèmes. Presses de la Fondation nationale des Sciences Politiques/Dalloz, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand O. & Ruano-Borbalan J.C., 1994: La géopolitique, fille de la démocratie. Sciences Humaines 36: 34-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling F., 1992: Geopolitik, Karl Haushofer und seine Raunwissenschaft 1919-1945. Akademie Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Editorial Board, 1982: Editorial Essay: Political Geography-Research Agendas for the Nineteen Eighties. Political Geography Quarterly 1: 1-17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eronen J., 1998: A geopolitical approach to China's future as an empire. TESG 89: 4-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlbusch M. & Rössler M., & Siegrist, D., 1989: Conservatism, ideology and geography in Germany 1920-1950. Political Geography Quarterly 8: 353-67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk R., 1997: False universalism and the geopolitics of exclusion: the case of Islam. Third World Quarterly 18: 7-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faringdon H., 1989: Strategic Geography: NATO, the Warsaw Pact, and the Superpowers. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielden M.B., 1998: The geopolitics of aid: the provision and termination of aid to Afghan refugees in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Political Geography 17: 459-487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisas V., 1995: Blue geopolitics: The United Nations Reform and the future of the blue helmet. Pluto Press, London (translation of: Desafio de Naciones Unidas ante el mundo en crisis. Icaria, Barcelona, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher M., 1988: Fronts et frontières: un tour du monde géopolitique. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher M., 1991: Fronts et frontières: un tour du monde géopolitique, Nouvelle édition entièrement refondue. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher M., dir., 1993: Fragments d'Europe: Atlas de l'Europe médiane et orientale. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher M., dir., 1996: Les défis de sécurité en Europe médiane. La Découverte, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucher M., 1997: La fin de la géopolitique? Réflexions géographiques sur la grammaire des puissances. Politique étrangère 62: 19-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman L., 1985: Atlas of Global Strategy. Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu J.-K., 1992: Taiwan and the Geopolitics of the Asian-American Dilemma. Praeger, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukushima Y., 1997: Japanese geopolitics and its background: what is the real legacy of the past? Political Geography 16: 407-421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller G.E., 1991: The ‘Center of the Universe’: the Geopolitics of Iran. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller G.E. & Lesser I.O., 1995: A sense of siege: The geopolitics of Islam and the West. Westview Press, Boulder CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller G.E., Lesser I.O., Henze P.B. & Brown J.F., 1993: Turkey's New Geopolitics, from the Balkans to Western China. Westview Press, Boulder CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallois P., 1990: Géopolitique, les voies de la puissance. Plon, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gambi L., 1994: Geography and imperialism in Italy: from the unity of the nation to the ‘new’ Roam Empire. In: Godlewska A. & Smith N. (eds), Geography and Empire. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 74-91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gèze F., Lacoste Y. & Valladaõ A.G.A., dir.: L'état du monde: annuaire économique et géopolitique mondial. La Découverte, Paris (yearbook, since 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson C., 1998: ‘We sing our home, We dance our land’: Indigenous self-determination and contemporary geopolitics in Australian popular music. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16: 163-184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson C., 1999: Cartographies of the colonial-capitalist state: a geopolitics of indigeneous self-determination in Australia. Antipode 31: 45-79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardet R., 1989: Problèmes stratégiques et militaires contemporains. Dalloz, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girot P.O. 1994: The Americas, World Boundaries. Vol. 4. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girot P. & Kofman E. 1987: International Geopolitical Analysis: A Selection from Hérodote. Croom Helm, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassner M.I. 1996: Political geography and the United Nations. Political Geography 15: special issue, United Nations.

  • Godlewska A. & Smith N. 1994: Geography and Empire. The Institute of British Geographers Special Publications Series, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant R. & Nijman J., 1995: Foreign aid in the 1990s: crisis or transition? TESG 86: 215-218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray C.S., 1988: The Geopolitics of Superpower. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray C.S., 1997: Postmodern War: the New Politics of Conflict. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisai O. & Kolossov V., 1993: Die Renaissance geopolitischen Denkens in Ruβland. Neue Ansätze und Forschungsfelder, Geographische Zeitschrift 81: 256-265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosfoguel R., 1997: Migration and geopolitics in the Greater Antilles: from the cold war to the post-cold war. Review 20: 115-145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundy-Warr C. 1994: Eurasia, World Boundaries. Vol. 3. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A., 1997: Issues in South Asia: geopolitics or geoeconomics. International Studies 34: 15-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurdon Ch. 1994: The Horn of Africa. UCL Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafeznia M.R.: Geopolitical analysis of the Kashmir crisis. South Asian Studies 11: 125-130.

  • Häkli J., 1998a: Discourse in the production of political space: decolonizing the symbolism of provinces in Finland. Political Geography 17: 331-363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Häkli J., 1998b: Manufacturing provinces: theorizing the encounters between governmental and popular ‘geographs’ in Finland. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 131-151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall D. & Danta D. (eds), 1996: Reconstructing the Balkans, A geography in the New Southeast Europe. Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman J. & Vogeler I., 1993: Where in the world is the US Secretary of State. Journal of Geography 92: 2-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey D., 1985: Geopolitics of capitalism. In: Gregory D. & Urry J. (eds), Social Relations and Spatial Structures. Macmillan, London, pp. 128-163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauner M., 1992: What is Asia to us? Russia's Asian Heartland Yesterday and Today. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London (first published in 1990 by Unwin Hyman).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heffernan M., 1998: The Meaning of Europe, Geography and Geopolitics. Arnold, London, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepple L.W., 1986: The Revival of Geopolitics. Political Geography Quarterly. Supplement to Vol. 5, No. 4 (October 1986), s21-s36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herb G.H., 1989: Persuasive cartography in Geopolitik and national socialism. Political Geography Quarterly 8: 289-304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herb G.H., 1997: Under the Map of Germany, Nationalism and Propaganda, 1918-45. Routledge, london.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert S., 1996: The geopolitics of the police: Foucault, disciplinary power and the tactics of the Los Angeles Police Department. Political Geography 15: 47-57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert S., 1997: Policing Space. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herod A., 1998: Of blocs, flows and networks: the end of the Cold War, cyberspace, and the geo-economics of organized labor at the fin de millénaire. In: Herod A. et al. (eds), An Unruly World? Globalization, Governance and Geography. Routledge, London, pp. 162-195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herod A., Ó Tuathail G. & Roberts S.M. 1998: An Unruly World? Globalization, Governance and Geography. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heske H., 1987: Karl Haushofer: his role in German geopolitics and nazi politics. Political Geography Quarterly 6: 135-144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder D., Lloyd S.J. & McLachlan K.S. 1997: Land-Locked States of Africa and Asia. Frank Cass, London (published as special issue in Geopolitics and International Boundaries 2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdar S., 1992: The ideal state and the power of geography. The life-work of Rudolf Kjellén. Political Geography 11: 307-323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdar S., 1994: Geopolitik - Origins. In: O'Loughlin J. (ed.), Dictionary of Geopolitics. Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., pp. 93-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houbert J., 1992: The Indian Ocean creole islands: geo-politics and decolonisation. Journal of Modern African Studies 30: 465-484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houbert J., 1997: Russia in the geopolitics of setter colonization and decolonization. The Round Table 344, 549-562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington S., 1993: The clash of civilizations? Foreign Affairs 73 (3): 23-49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington S., 1996: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffé G., 1997: Chad: Power vacuum or geopolitical focus. In: Hodder D. et al. (eds), Land-Locked States of Africa and Asia. Frank Cass, London, pp. 25-39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston R.J., Taylor P.J. & Watts M.J. 1995: Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World in the Late Twentieth Century. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn I., 1998: Afghanistan: a geopolitical study. Central Asian Survey 17: 489-502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearns G., 1993: Prologue: Fin de siècle geopolitics: Mackinder, Hobson and theories of global closure. In: Taylor P. (ed.), Political Geography of the Twentieth Century, a Global Analysis. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 9-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearns G., 1997: The imperial subject: geography and travel in the work of Mary Kingsley and Harold Mackinder. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22: 450-472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp G. & Harkavy R.E., 1997: Strategic Geography and the Changing Middle East. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy P., 1987: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidron M. & Segal R., 1981: The State of the World Atlas. Pan Books, London (translated as: Atlas encyclopédique du monde. Calmann-Lévy, Paris 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidron M. & Segal R., 1984: The New State of the World Atlas. Pan Books, London, second edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidron M. & Smith D., 1983: TheWar Atlas: Armed Conflict, Armed Peace. Pan Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • King R., 1996: The geopolitics of international migration in Europe: an introduction. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21: 62-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kliot N. & Waterman S. (eds), 1991: The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace. Belhaven Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knights M., 1996: Bangladeshi immigrants in Italy: from geopolitics to micropolitics. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21: 105-123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolossov V., 1996: Geopolitical scenarios for Eastern and Central Europe in a Post-bipolar world. In: Carter F.W. et al. (eds), Central Europe After the Fall of the Iron Curtain. Lang, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 63-72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolossov V. & O'Loughlin J.: Pseudo states as harbingers of post-modern geopolitics: the example of the Trans-Dniester Moldovan Republic. Geopolitics 3: 1.

  • Kolossov V. & Trevish A., 1998: The political geography of European minorities: past and future. Political Geography 17: 517-534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korinman M., 1990: Quand l'Allemange pensait le monde; Grandeur et décadence d'une géopolitique. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korinman M., 1991: Continents perdus: les précurseurs de la géopolitique allemande. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korinman M. & Caracciolo L., dir., 1995a: Fractures de l'Occident. Elements de géopolitique. La Découverte, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korinman M. & Caracciolo L., dir., 1995b: A quoi sert l'Italie? La Découverte, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kost K., 1988: Die Einflüsse der Geopolitik auf Forschung und Theorie der politischen Geographie von ihren Anfängen bis 1945 ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der politischen Geographie und ihre Terminologie unter Berücksichtigung von Militär-und Kolonialgeographie. Dümmler, Bonn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kost K., 1989: The conception of politics in political geography in Germany until 1945. Political Geography Quarterly 8: 369-385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koutouzis M., dir., 1996: Atlas mondial des drogues. Presses universitaires de France, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause K. & Williams M.C. 1997: Critical Security Studies. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuehls Th., 1996: Beyond Sovereign Territory: the Space of Ecopolitics. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labrousse A. & Koutouzis M., 1996: Géopolitique et géostratégies des drogues. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste Y., 1976: La géographie ça sert d'abord à faire la guerre. Maspéro, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste Y., dir., 1986: Géopolitiques des régions françaises, 3 volumes. Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste Y., dir., 1993, 1995: Dictionnaire de géopolitique. Flammarion, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste Y., dir., 1994, 1995, 1996: Dictionnaire de géopolitique des états. Flammarion, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste Y., 1998: Vive la Nation! Destin d'une idée géopolitique. Fayard Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laïdi Z., red., 1992: L'ordre mondial relâché, sens et puissance après la guerre froide. Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques Berg, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laïdi Z., red., 1998: Géopolitique du sens. Desclée de Brouwer, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lariu S., 1998: La Geopolitik allemande et l'Europe médiane. Géographie et Cultures 27, 19-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeDonne J., 1997: The Russian Empire and the World, 1700-1917: the Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lele J. & Ofori-Yeboah K. (eds.), 1996: Unravelling the Asian Miracle: Explorations in Development Strategies, Geopolitics and Regionalism. Dartmouth, Aldershot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu X.-F. & Norcliffe G., 1996: Closed windows, open doors: geopolitics and post-1949 mainland Chinese immigration to Canada. The Canadian Geographer 40: 306-319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorot P., 1995: Histoire de la géopolitique. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorot P., 1997: De la géopolitique à la géoéconomie. Revue française de géoéconomie 1: 23-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorot P. & Thual F., 1997: La géopolitique. Montchrestien, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loyer B., 1997: Géopolitique du Pays Basque, Nations et nationalismes en Espagne. L'Harmattan, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luke T.W., 1994: Placing power/sitting space: the politics of global and local in the New World Order. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 613-628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luke T.W., 1996: Governmentality and contragovernmentality: rethinking sovereignty and territoriality after the ColdWar. Political Geography 15: 491-507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luke T.W., 1998: Running flat out on the road ahead: nationality, sovereingty, and territoriality in the world of the information superhighway. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 274-294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luke T.W. & Ó Tuathail G., 1998: Global flowmations, local fundamentalisms, and fast geopolitics: ‘America’ in an accelerating world order. In: Herod, A. et al. (eds): An Unruly World? Globalization, Governance and Geography. Routledge, London, pp. 72-94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttwak E.N., 1983: The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttwak E.N., 1986: On the meaning of victory: Essays on strategy. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttwak E.N., 1987: Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttwak E.N., 1990: From geopolitics to geo-economics, Logic of conflict, grammar of commerce. The National Interest 20: 17-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttwak E.N., 1993: The Endangered American Dream: How to Stop the United States from Becoming a ThirdWorld Country and How toWin the Geo-Economic Struggle for Industrial Supremacy. Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luttwak E. & Koehl S., 1911: The Dictionary of Modern War. Harper Collins, New York (original edition: Luttwak E.: A Dictionary of Modern War. Harper and Row, New York/Allen Lane, London, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan K. 1994: The Boundaries of Modern Iran. UCL Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan K., 1997: Afghanistan: the geopolitics of a buffer state. In: Hodder D. et al. (eds), Land-Locked States in Africa and Asia. Frank Cass, London, pp. 197–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLaughlin J., 1993: Defending the frontiers: The political geography of race and racism in the European Community. In: Williams C.H. (ed.), The Political Geography of the NewWorld Order. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 20-45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marenches A. de, dir., 1988: Atlas géopolitique. Stock, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martel A., 1991: La Libye 1835-1990, essai de géopolitique historique. PUF, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medhanie T., 1994: Eritrea and neighbours in the ‘new world order’: geopolitics, democracy and ‘Islamic fundamentalism’. Lit, Münster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modelski G. & Thompson W.R., 1998: Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993. Macmillan Press, Basingsoke, Hampshire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Momtaz D., 1996: The United Nations and the protection of the environment: from Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro. Political Geography 15: 261-272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreau Defarges Ph., 1994: Introduction à la géopolitique. Editions du Seuil, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moskalenko V. & Shaumian T., 1995: Conflict over Kashmir: current situation and outlook: a new geopolitical context. Pakistan Horizon 48: 17-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muet Y., 1996: Les géographes et l'Europe. L'idée européenne dans la pensée géopolitique française de 1919 à 1939. Institut européen de Genève, Genève.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir R., 1997: Political Geography, a New Introduction. Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy D.T., 1994: Space, race and geopolitical necessity: geopolitical rhetoric in German colonial revanchism, 1919-1933. In: Godlewska A. & Smith N. (eds), Geography and Empire. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 173-187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy D.T., 1997: The Heroic Earth, Geopolitical Thought in Weimar Germany, 1918-1933. Kent State University Press, Kent, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers G., Klak Th. & Koehl T., 1996: The inscription of difference: news coverage of the conflicts in Rwanda and Bosnia. Political Geography 15: 21-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nierop T., 1994: The Global System and the Region; International Politics Since 1945. Belhaven Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nijman J., 1992: The limits of superpower, the United States and the Soviet Union since World War 2. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82: 681-695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nijman J., 1993: The Geopolitics of Power and Conflict: Superpowers in the International System, 1945-1992. Belhaven Press, London/Halsted Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J., 1992: Ten scenarios for the new world order. Professional Geographer 44: 22-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J., 1993: Fact or fiction? The evidence for the thesis of US relative decline, 1966-1991. In: Williams C.H. (ed.), The Political Geography of the New World Order. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 148-180.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J. 1994: Dictionary of Geopolitics. Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J. & Heske H., 1991: From ‘Geopolitik’ to ‘géopolitique’: Converting a discipline for war to a discipline for peace. In: Kliot N. & Waterman S. (eds), The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 37-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J., Kolossov V. & Tchepalvga A., 1998: National construction, territorial separatism, and post-soviet geopolitics in the Transdniester Moldovan Republic. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 39: 332-358.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J. & Wusten, H. van der, 1990: The political geography of panregions. Geographical Review 80: 1-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J. & Wusten H. van der 1993a: The New Political Geography of Eastern Europe. Belhaven Press, London/Halsted Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Loughlin J. & Wusten H. van der, 1993b: Political geography of war and peace. In: Taylor P.J. (ed.), Political Geography of the Twentieth Century, a Global Analysis. Belhaven Press, London/Halsted Press, New York, pp. 63-113.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'sullivan P., 1986: Geopolitics. St Martin's Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'sullivan P., 1995: Geopolitical force fields. Geographical Analysis 27: 176-181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1992: ‘Pearl Harbour without Bombs’: a Critical Geopolitics of the US-Japan FSX Debate. Environment and Planning A24: 975-994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1993a: Japan as threat: geo-economic discourses on the USA-Japan relationship in US civil society, 1987-1991. In: Williams C.H. (ed.), The Political Geography of the New World Order. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 181-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1993b: The effacement of place? US foreign policy and the spatiality of the Gulf crisis. Antipode 25: 4-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1994a: Critical geopolitics and development theory: intensifying the dialogue. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19: 228-233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail, G., 1994b: Problematising geopolitics: survey, statemanship and strategy. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19: 269-272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1994c: (Dis)placing geopolitics: writing on the maps of global politics. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 525-546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1994d: The critical reading/writing of geopolitics: Rereading/ writing Wittfogel, Bowman and Lacoste. Progress in Human Geography 18: 313-332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1996a: Critical Geopolitics: the Politics of Writing Global Space. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1996b: Review essay: Dissident IR and the identity politics narrative: a sympathetically skeptical perspective. Political Geography 15: 647-653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1996c: The patterned mess of history and the writing of critical geopolitics: a reply to Dalby. Political Geography 15: 661-665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1998a: Political geography III: dealing with deterritorialization. Progress in Human Geography 22: 81-93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., 1998b: Postmodern geopolitics? The modern geopolitical imagination and beyond. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 16-38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G. & Agnew J., 1992: Geopolitics and discourse, Practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy. Political Geography 11: 190-204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S., 1994: Critical geopolitics: unfolding spaces for thought in geography and global politics. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 513-514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. 1998: Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S., 1998b: Introduction: rethinking geopolitics: towards a critical geopolitics. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 1-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G., Dalby S. & Routledge P. 1998: The Geopolitics Reader. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ó Tuathail G. & Luke T., 1994: Present at the (dis)integration: deterritorialization and reterritorialization in the new wor(l)d order. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84: 381-398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson R., 1992: The Kurdish question in the aftermath of the Gulf War: geopolitical and geostrategic changes in the Middle East. Third World Quarterly 13, 475-499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ossenbrügge J., 1989: Territorial ideologies in West-Germany 1945-1985: Between geopolitics and regionalist attitudes. Political Geography Quarterly 8: 387-399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paasi A., 1990: The rise and fall of Finnish geopolitics. Political Geography Quarterly 9: 53-65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paasi A., 1995: Territories, Boundaries, and Consciousness; the Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border. Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter J., 1995: Geography, Politics and Political Geography. Edward Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G., 1985: Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century. Croom Helm, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G.: French geopolitical thought in the interwar years and the emergence of the European idea. Political Geography Quarterly 6: 145-150.

  • Parker G., 1988: The Geopolitics of Domination. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G., 1991: The geopolitics of dominance and international cooperation. In: Kliot N. & Waterman S. (eds), The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 60-66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G., 1991: Continuity and change in Western geopolitical thoughts during the 20th century. International Social Science Journal 127: 21-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker G., 1998: Geopolitics: Past, Present and Future. Pinter, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson J.H., 1987: German geopolitics re-assessed. Political Geography Quarterly 6: 107-114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck J., 1998: Workfare: a geopolitical etymology. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16: 133-161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pepper D. & Jenkins A. 1985: The Geography of Peace and War. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins J.H., 1998: Geopolitics and the Green Revolution; Wheat, Genes and the Cold War. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfetsch F.R., 1993: Sicherheit als Begriff der internationalen Politik. Geographische Zeitschrift 81: 210-226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plano J.C. & Olton R., 1988: The International Relations Dictionary, fourth edition. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara/Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popke E.J., 1994: Recasting geopolitics: the discursive scripting of the International Monetary Fund. Political Geography 13: 255-269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulsen Th.M., 1995: Nations and States: a Geographic Background to World Affairs. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott V., 1996: Contribution of the United Nations to solving boundary and territorial disputes, 1945-1995. Political Geography 15: 287-318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prévélakis G., 1998: Les enjeux géopolitiques de l'Europe médiane. Géographie et cultures 27: 5-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prévélakis G., 1997: La géopolitique de la Grèce. Complexe, Bruxelles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prunier G., 1997: The geopolitical situation of the Great Lakes area in the light of the Kivu crisis. Refugee Survey Quarterly 16: 1-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri M.M., 1993: Persian Gulf Geopolitics. International Studies 30: 437-474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri M.M., 1997a: Central Asian Geopolitics: The Indian view. Central Asian Survey 16: 237-268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puri M.M., 1997b: India's geopolitical strivings in Central Asia. Man and Development 19: 43-77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffestin C., Lopreno D. & Pasteur Y., 1995: Géopolitique et histoire. Payot, Lausanne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramonet I., 1997: Géopolitique du chaos. Galilée, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramonet I., 1998: The Geopolitics of Chaos: Internationalization, Cyberculture, Political Chaos. Algora.

  • Retaillé D., 1996: La vérité des cartes. Le débat 92: 87-98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts S.M., 1998: Geo-governance in trade and finance and political geographies of dissent. In: Herod A. et al. (eds), An Unruly World? Globalization, Governance and Geography. Routledge, London, pp. 116-134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson J., 1997: The geopolitics of South-African cities: states, citizens, territory. Political Geography 16: 365-388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rössler M., 1990: Wissenschaft unde Lebensraum. Geographische Ostforschung im Nationalsozialismus. Ein Beitrag zur Disziplingeschichte der Geographie. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Hamburg/Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ropivia M.-L., 1994: Géopolitique de l’intégration en Afrique noire. L’Harmattan, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg J., 1994: The Empire of Civil Society, a Critique of the Realist Theory of International Relations. Verso, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenne S., 1996: Geography in international maritime boundary-making. Political Geography 15: 319-334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Routledge P., 1994: Backstreets, barricades, and blackouts: urban terrains of resistance in Nepal. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 559-579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Routledge P., 1996: Critical geopolitics and terrains of resistance. Political Geography 15: 509-531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Routledge P., 1997: A spatiality of resistance, Theory and practice in Nepal's Revolution of 1990. In: Pile S. & Keith M. Geographies of Resistance. Routledge, London, pp. 68-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Routledge P., 1998: Going globile: spatiality, embodiment, and mediation in the Zapatista insurgency. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 240-260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozman G., 1997: Cross-national integration in Northeast Asia: geopolitical and economic goals in conflict. East Asia 16: 6-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumley D., Chiba T., Takagi A. & Fukushima Y. 1996: Global Geopolitical Change and the Asia Pacific: a Regional Perspective. Avebury, Aldershot.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusi A., 1996: After Cold War: Europe's New Political Architecture. Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusi A., 1997: A Dangerous Peace: the Geopolitical Transition from Bipolarity to New Rivalry. Westview, Boulder, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rygiel K., 1998: Stabilizing borders: the geopolitics of national identity construction in Turkey. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 106-130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandner G., 1989a: Introduction to Special Issue on Historical Studies of German Political Geography. Political Geography Quarterly 8: 311-314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sander G., 1989b:The Germania triumphans syndrome and Passarge's Erkundliche Weltanschauung: The roots and effects of German political geography beyond Geopolitik. Political Geography Quarterly 8: 341-351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandner G., 1993: Renaissance des geopolitischen Denkens in der Geographie? Versuchungen, Herausforderungen, Perspektiven. Geographische Zeitschrift 81: 248-252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandner G. & Boesler K.-A., 1993: Neue raumstrukturen globaler Politik, Herausforderungen für die Politische Geographie. Geographische Zeitschrift 81: 197-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandner G. & Rössler M., 1994: Geography and Empire in Germany. In Godlewska A. & Smith N. (eds), Geography and Empire. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 115-127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield C.H. 1994: Global Boundaries, World Boundaries, Vol. 1. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield C.H. & Schofield R.N. 1994: The Middle East and North Africa, World Boundaries, Vol. 2. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield R. (ed.), 1994: Territorial Foundations of the Gulf States. UCL Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz H.-D., 1989: Fantasies of Mitte: Mittelage and Mitteleuropa in German geographical discussion in the 19th and the 20th centuries. Political Geography Quarterly 8: 315-339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seager J., Reed C. & Scott P., 1995: The New State of the Earth Atlas: a Concise Survey of the Environment through Full Color International Maps. Simon and Schulster, New York (first edition: 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal G., 1986: Nuclear strategy: the geography of stability. Political Geography Quarterly, Supplement 5, s37-s47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serbin A., 1990: Caribbean Geopolitics: Toward Security through Peace? Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Co. (translation of: El Caribe, zona de paz?).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp J.P., 1993: Publishing American identity: popular geopolitics, myth and the Reader's Digest. Political Geography 12: 491-503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp J.P., 1996: Hegemony, popular culture and geopolitics: the Reader's Digest and the construction of danger. Political Geography 15: 557-570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp J.P., 1998: Reel geographies of the new world order: patriotism, masculinity, and geopolitics in post-Cold War American movies. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 152-169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih S., 1998: Gender and the a new geopolitics of desire: the seduction of mainland women in Taiwan and Hong Kong media. Signs 23: 287-320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidaway J.D., 1994: Geopolitics, geography and ‘terrorism’ in the Middle-East. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 357-372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidaway J.D., 1998: What is in a gulf? From the ‘arc of crisis' to the Gulf War’. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 224-239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidaway J.D. & Simon D., 1993: Geopolitical transition and state formation: the changing political geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies 19: 6-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon D., 1996: Strategic territory and territorial strategy: the geopolitics of Walvis Bay's reintegration into Namibia. Political Geography 15: 193-200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson-Anderson R.C., 1997: South Africa's maritime power in the Indian Ocean Rim. South African Journal of International Affairs 35: 367-385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sironneau, J., 1996: L'eau, nouvel enjeu stratégique mondial. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater D., 1993: The geopolitical imagination and the enframing of development theory. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 18: 419-437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater D., 1993: Reimagining the geopolitics of development: continuying the dialogue. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19: 233-239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater D., 1997: Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of different development and power. Political Geography 16: 631-653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater D., 1997: Spatial politics / Social movements, Questions of (b)orders and resistance in global times. In: Pile S. & Keith M. (eds), Geographies of Resistance. Routledge, London, pp. 258-276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan G.R., 1988: Geopolitics and the United States Strategic Policy, 1890-1987. St Martin's Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan G.R., 1997: The Geopolitics of Anglo-Irish Relations in the Twentieth Century. Pinter, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith G., 1993: Ends, geopolitics and transitions. In: Johnston R.J. (ed.), The Challenge for Geography: a Changing World, a Changing Discipline. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 76-99.

    Google Scholar 

  • So A.Y. & Chin S.W.K., 1998: Geopolitics, global production, and the three paths of development in East Asia. Journal of Developing Societies 14: 127-143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soppelsa J., 1993: Géopolitique de 1945 à nos jours. Sirey, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soppelsa J., Battesti M. & Romer J.-C., 1988: Léxique de géopolitique. Dalloz, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparke M., 1996: Negotiating national action: free trade, constitutional debate and the gendered geopolitics of Canada. Political Geography 15: 615-639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparke M., 1998: Outsides inside patriotism: the Oklahoma bombing and the displacement of heartland geopolitics. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 198-223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprengel R., 1994: Kritik der Geopolitik, Ein deutscher Diskurs 1914-1944. Akademie Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starr H. & Siverson R.M., 1990: Alliances and geopolitics. Political Geography Quarterly 9: 232-248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephanson A., 1998: Fourteen notes on the very concept of the Cold War. In: Ó Tuathail G. & Dalby S. (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge, London, pp. 62-85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taglioni F., 1995: Géopolitique des Petites Antilles: Influences européenne et nord-américaine. Karthala, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi K., 1994: The Japanese imperial tradition, western imperialism and modern Japanese geography. In: Godlewska A. & Smith N. (eds), Geography and Empire. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 188-206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor P.J., 1990: Britain and the Cold War, 1945 as Geopolitical Transition. Pinter, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor P.J., 1993: Geopolitical world orders. In: Taylor P.J. (ed.), PoliticalGeography of the Twentieth Century: a Global Analysis. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 31-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor P.J., 1996: The Way the Modern World Works: World Hegemony to World Impasse. Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teschke B., 1998: Geopolitical relations in the European Middle Ages: history and theory. International Organization 52: 325-358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Testahuney M., 1998: Mobility, racism and geopolitics. Political Geography 17: 499-515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1993a: Géopolitiques au quotidien. Dunod, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1993b: Mémento de géopolitique. Dunod, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1993c: Géopolitique de l'orthodoxie. Dunod, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1994: Géopolitique de la franc-maçonnerie. Dunod, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1995a: Géopolitique du chiisme. Arlea, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1995b: Repères géopolitiques. La documentation française, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1996a: Méthodes de la géopolitique, apprendre à déchiffrer l’actualité. Ellipses, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1996b: Géopolitique de l'Amérique latine. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1997a: Abrégé de géopolitique du golfe. Ellipses, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thual F., 1997b: Repères internationaux, l’évenement au crible de la géopolitique. Ellipses, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Touscoz J., 1988: Atlas géostratégique: crises, tensions et convergences. Larousse, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunander O., Baev P. & Einagel V.I. 1997: Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe; Security, Territory and Identity. Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyner J.A., 1998: The geopolitics of eugenics and the incarceration of Japanese Americans. Antipode 30: 251-269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallaud P. 1989: Atlas géostratégique. Hachette Jeunesse, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn B., 1994: Shifting geopolitical realities between South, Southwest and Central Asia. Central Asian Survey 13: 305-315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veltz P., 1996: Mondialisation, villes et territoires, l'économie d'archipel. PUF, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigarié A., 1995: La mer et la géostratégie des nations. Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogeler I., 1995: Cold War geopolitics: Embassy locations. Journal of Geography 94: 323-329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wackermann G., 1997: Géopolitique de l'espace mondial: dynamiques et enjeux. Ellipses, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein I., 1991: Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/Editions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warf B., 1997: The geopolitics/geoeconomics of military base closures in the USA. Political Geography 16: 541-563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterman S., 1998: Political geography as a mirror of political geography. Political Geography 17: 373-388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson A., 1992: The Evolution of International Society: a Comparative Historical Analysis. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber C., 1994: Shoring up a sea of signs: how the Caribbean Basin Initiative framed the US invasion of Grenada. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 547-548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams C.H. 1993: The Political Geography of the New World Order. Belhaven Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams C.H. & Williams S.W., 1993: Issues of peace and security in contemporary Europe. In: Williams C.H. (ed.), The Political Geography of the New World Order. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 100-131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood W.B. & Potts L.G., 1996: The UN and migration: falling behind. Political Geography 15: 251-260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright J.F.R., Goldenberg S. & Schofield R. 1996: Transcaucasian Boundaries. UCL Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wusten H. van der & Nierop T., 1990: Functions, roles, and form in international politics. Political Geography Quarterly 9: 213-231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wusten H. van der, 1993: Politisch-geographische Herausforderungen in der gegenwärtigen Phase des geopolitischen Ñbergangs. Geographische Zeitschrift 81: 237-247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wusten H.H. van der, 1997: Political geography at the global scale; The world stage, regional arenas, the search for a play. In: Dikshit R. (ed.), Developments in Political Geography, a Century of Progress., Sage, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wusten H.H. van der, 1998: The state political geography is in. TESG 89: 82-89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wusten H. van der, 1998: Das Ende der Geopolitik? Nationalismen, Regionalismen und Suprational Identitäten in der aktuellen Diskussion. In: Boesler K.-A., Heinritz, G. & Wiessner R. (eds), Europa zwischen Integration und Regionalismus. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart pp. 237-247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoppo C.E. & Zorgbibe Ch. (eds.), 1985: On Geopolitics: Classical and Nuclear. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorgbibe Ch., 1988: Dictionnaire de politique internationale. PUF, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoubir Y.H., 1997: In search of hegemony: theWestern Sahara in Algerian-Moroccan relations. Journal of Algerian Studies 2: 43-67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoubir Y.H., Volman D. & Dymally M.M., 1993: International Dimensions of the Western Sahara Conflict. Praeger, Westport, CT.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mamadouh, V. Geopolitics in the nineties: one flag, many meanings. GeoJournal 46, 237–253 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006950931650

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006950931650

Navigation