Abstract
Surface samples and cores were collected in 1993 fromthe Burlington Harbor region of Lake Champlain. Sediment samples were analyzed for trace metals(cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc),simultaneously extracted metal/acid volatile sulfide(SEM-AVS), grain size, nutrients (carbon and nitrogen)and organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)). The concentrations of cadmium, copper,silver and zinc from the partial sediment digestion ofthe surface samples correlated well with each other(r 2>0.60) indicating that either a commonprocess, or group of processes determined the sedimentconcentrations of these metals. In an analysis of thespatial distribution of the trace metals and PAHs,high surficial concentrations were present in thesouthern portion of the Harbor. The trace metal trendwas strengthened when the concentrations werenormalized by grain size. A sewage treatment plantoutfall discharge was present in the southeasternportion of the Harbor at the time of this study and isthe major source of trace metal and PAH contamination. Evaluation of sediment cores provides a proxy recordof historical trace metal and organic inputs. Thepeak accumulation rate for copper, cadmium, lead, andzinc was in the late 1960s and the peak silveraccumulation rate was later. The greatestaccumulation of trace metals occurred in the late1960s after discharges from the STP began. Subsequentdeclines in trace metal concentrations may beattributed to increased water and air regulations. The potential toxicity of trace metals and organiccontaminants was predicted by comparing contaminantconcentrations to benchmark concentrations andpotential trace metal bioavailability was predictedwith SEM-AVS results. Surface sample results indicate lead,silver, ΣPAHs and ΣPCBs are potentially toxicand/or bioavailable. These predictions were supportedby studies of biota in the Burlington Harborwatershed. There is a clear trend of decreasing PAHand trace metal contaminant concentrations withdistance from the STP outfall.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, H. E., Fu, G. and Deng, B.: 1993, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12, 1441.
Ankley, G. T., Di Toro, D. M., Hansen, D. J. and Berry, W. J.: 1996, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 2056.
Appleby, P. G., Nolan, P. J., Gifford, B. W., Godfrey, M. J., Oldfield, F., Anderson, N. J. and Battarbee, R. W.: 1986, Hydrobiol. 143, 21.
Appleby, P. G., Richardson, N. and Nolan, P. J.: 1992, Nucl. Instr. and Methods B. 71, 228.
Berry, W. J., Hansen, D. J., Mahony, J. D., Robson, D. L., Di Toro, D. M., Shipley, B. P., Rogers, B., Corbin, J. M. and Boothman, W. S.: 1996, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 2067.
Chiou, C. T.: 1989, SSSA Special Publication No. 22, 1.
Daskalakis, K. D. and O'Connor, T. P.: 1995, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 470.
Di Toro, D. M., Mahony, J. D., Hansen, D. J., Scott, K. J., Hicks, M. B., Mayr, S. M. and Redmond, M. S.: 1990, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9, 1487.
Di Toro, D. M., Mahony, J. D., Hansen, D. J., Scott, K. J., Carlson, A. R. and Ankley, G. T.: 1992, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 96.
Hem, J. D.: 1992, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.
Howard, D. E. and Evans, R. D.: 1993, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12, 1051.
Lambert, C. E. and Oviatt, C. A.: 1986. Manual of Biological and Geochemicaltechniques in Coastal Areas, Unpublished Tech. Report. University of Rhode Island.
Latimer, J. S. and Quinn, J. G.: 1996, Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 623.
Long, E. R., MacDonald, D. D., Smith, S. L. and Calder, H. D.: 1995, Environ. Manage. 19, 81.
MacDonald, D. D., Carr, R. S., Calder, F. D., Long, E. R. and Ingersoll, C. G.: 1996, Ecotoxicol. 5, 253.
Mahony, J. D., Di Toro, D.M., Gonzalez, A.M., Curto, M., Dilg, M., De Rosa, L. D. and Sparrow, L. A.: 1996, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 2187.
McIntosh, A. and Watzin, M. et al.: 1997, Lake Champlain Sediment Toxics Assessment Program: An Assessment of Sediment-Associated Contaminants in Lake Champlain, Phase II. Lake Champlain Basin Program Technical Report.
Mecray, E. L.: 1994, An Assessment of Historical TraceMetal Accumulation in the Burlington Region of Lake Champlain, Vermont, Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of Rhode Island, 271 p.
Mecray, E. L., King, J. W., Appleby, P. G. and Hunt, A. S.: Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. (in press).
Metcalf & Eddy Inc.: 1992, Pine Street Canal Superfund Site Final Feasibility Study.
Morgan, J. and McIntosh, A.: 1987, Transport of Pollutants in Burlington Bay, Unpublished Technical Report, 87 p.
Meyers, P. and Ishiwatari: 1993, ‘Early Diagenesis in Lacustrine Sediments’, in Engel, P. and Macko, S. (eds), Organic Geochemistry, New York, 861 p.
National Research Council Canada: 1995, MESS-2, BCSS-1, PACS-1 Marine Sediment Reference Materials for Trace Metals and other Constituents, 4 p.
Nixon, S. W.: 1990, A History of Metal Inputs to Narragansett Bay, Final report submitted to the Narragansett Bay Project, 69 p.
Persaud, D., Jaagumagi, R. and Hayton, A.: 1993, Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Toronto, 26 p.
Quinn, J. G., Latimer, J. S., LeBlanc, L. A. and Ellis, J. T.: 1992, Narragansett Bay Project Report Number NBP–92-111, 205 p.
Salomons, W. and Forstner, U.: 1984, Metals in the Hydrocycle, Springer-Verlag, New York, 349 p.
Schantz, M. M., Benner, B. A., Hays, M. J., Kelly, W. R., Vocke, R. D., Demiralp, R., Greenberg, R. R., Schiller, S. B., Lauenstein, G. G. and Wise, S. A.: 1995, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 352, 166.
Tinsley, I. J.: 1979, Chemical Concepts in Pollutant Behavior, Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York, 257 p.
USEPA: 1995, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Laboratory Methods Manual: Estuaries, EPA/620/R-95/008.
USEPA: 1998, The Incidence and Severity of Sediment Contamination in Surface Waters of the United States: EPA's Report to Congress. USEPA, Office of Water 4305, EPA/823/F-98/001.
Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation: 1992, A preliminary chemical characterization of the final effluent of thirty-seven publicly-owned waste treatment facilities for a wide range of potentially toxic contaminants, 16 p.
Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Water Quality: 1995, Identifying Toxic Constituents of Urban Runoff from Developed Areas Within the Champlain Basin: Draft Interim Report, Results of Screening Activities 1993–1994, 37 p.
Zwolsman, J. J. G., van Eck, G. T.M. and Burger, G.: 1996, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci. 43, 55.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lacey, E.M., King, J.W., Quinn, J.G. et al. Sediment Quality in Burlington Harbor, Lake Champlain, U.S.A.. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 126, 97–120 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005271101398
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005271101398