Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Why Small-Scale Circular Agriculture Is Central to Food Security and Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa? The Case of Ghana

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Circular Economy and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted global food supply chains, further compounded by the Russia-Ukraine conflict. These events have exacerbated food security concerns and exposed vulnerabilities in an already climate change-impacted global food system. This confluence of challenges prompts a reconsideration of the potential of small-scale circular agriculture in addressing food insecurity and promoting environmental sustainability, particularly within Sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on Ghana. Moreover, exploring the role of circularity within agrifood value chains to combat food waste and loss is of paramount importance. Nevertheless, the existing sustainable agriculture literature offers limited insights into this domain. This study aims to evaluate the possibilities presented by (a) small-scale circular agriculture and (b) the integration of circular economy principles within agrifood value chains to enhance food security and environmental sustainability in Ghana. Employing ethnographic methods—comprising field observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions—the research assesses the ecological and economic advantages of five circular agriculture systems (mixed cropping, mixed livestock-crop farming, agroforestry, crop rotation, and cover cropping) across five communities in Ghana’s Ashanti Region. The findings demonstrate that small-scale circular agriculture contributes to a more robust and sustainable food system, benefiting both farmers and the environment. The adoption of circular practices enhances household food security, diminishes external input dependency, and fosters a self-sustaining and productive farming approach. Additionally, the study underscores the significance of collaboration and partnership among smallholder farmers, agrifood value chain participants, NGOs, and policymakers, which is essential for creating a conducive environment that reduces food loss and promotes circular agriculture adoption.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Source: World Bank 2016. Note: DRC refers to the Democratic Republic of Congo

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Source: adapted from Ghana Statistical Service 2014

Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to highly sensitive information and confidentiality but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AANM :

Asante Akim North Municipality

AVCs :

Agrifood value chains

CE :

Circular economy

DRC :

Democratic Republic of Congo

FAO :

Food and Agriculture Organization

GHG :

Greenhouse gas

GDP :

Gross domestic product

FGDs :

Focused group discussions

IPCC :

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

NGOs :

Non-governmental organization

SSA :

Sub-Saharan Africa

MMDAs :

Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies

UNEP :

Nations Environmental Program

References

  1. Woetzel J, Pinner D, Samandari H, Engel H, McCullough R, Melzer T, Boettiger  S (2020) How will African farmers adjust to changing patterns of precipitation. McKinsey Global Institute, Chicago, USA

  2. Giller KE (2020) The food security conundrum of sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Food Secur 26:100431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Soffiantini G (2020) Food insecurity and political instability during the Arab Spring. Glob Food Secur 26:100400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mbow C, Van Noordwijk M, Luedeling E, Neufeldt H, Minang PA, Kowero G (2014) Agroforestry solutions to address food security and climate change challenges in Africa. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 1(6):61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Shukla PR, Skea J, Calvo Buendia E, Masson-Delmotte V, Pörtner HO, Roberts DC, et al (2019) Summary for policymakers. In: Climate change and land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. [Internet]. IPCC p. 1–36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.001

  6. Thornton PK, Herrero M (2015) Adapting to climate change in the mixed crop and livestock farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Clim Change 5(9):830–836. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Helgason KS, Iversen K, Julca A (2021) Circular agriculture for sustainable rural development [Internet]. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs p. 1–7. Report No.: 105

  8. Margulis ME, McKeon N, Jr SMB (2016) Land grabbing and global governance. Routledge, 232 p. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315538938

  9. Nkansah-Dwamena E (2021) Can large-scale land acquisition deals improve livelihoods and lift people out of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa? Empirical evidence from Tanzania. J Agric Food Syst Community Dev 10(3):243–264. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.103.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Faurès JM, Hoogeveen J, Bruinsma J (2002) The FAO irrigated area forecast for 2030. The Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  11. World Bank. World Bank. 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 23]. Climate-smart agriculture. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climate-smart-agriculture. Accessed 23 Feb 2023

  12. Union A (2006) Comprehensive Africa agriculture development programme. Italy, Rome, p 52

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gashu D, Demment MW, Stoecker BJ (2019) Challenges and opportunities to the African agriculture and food systems. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev 19(1):14190–217. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.84.BLFB2000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Shimeles A, Verdier-Chouchane A, Boly A (2018) Introduction: understanding the challenges of the agricultural sector in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Shimeles A, Verdier-Chouchane A, Boly A, editors. Building a resilient and sustainable agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing [cited 2023 Feb 23]. p. 1–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76222-7_1

  15. Binswanger-Mkhize HP (2009) Challenges and opportunities for African agriculture and food security. In: Proceedings of the FAO Expert Meeting on how to feed the world in, vol. 2050.

  16. OECD/FAO (2016) Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: prospects and challenges for the next decade. OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2016–2025. Paris, France: OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2016–2025, p. 59–95. https://doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2016-5-en

  17. Kumar SR, Prajapati S, Parambil JV (2021) Sustainable food value chains and circular economy. In: Mor RS, Panghal A, Kumar V, editors. Challenges and opportunities of circular economy in agri-food sector: rethinking waste [Internet]. Singapore: Springer; [cited 2023 Mar 9]. p. 77–92. (Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3791-9_5

  18. Mbaabu A (2017) Encountering Africa’s agriculture challenges in its cities’ morning traffic [Internet]. Brookings. [cited 2023 Feb 23]. Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/03/29/encountering-africas-agriculture-challenges-in-its-cities-morning-traffic/. Accesed 23 Feb 2023

  19. Lowder SK, Skoet J, Raney T (2016) The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World Dev 1(87):16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Harsch P (2004) Africa Renewal. [cited 2023 Mar 6]. Agriculture: Africa’s “engine for growth.” Available from: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2004/agriculture-africas-engine-growth. Accessed 6 Mar 2023

  21. Schneider P, Rochell V, Plat K, Jaworski A (2021) Circular approaches in small-scale food production. Circ Econ Sustain 1(4):1231–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-021-00129-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tagarakis AC, Dordas C, Lampridi M, Kateris D, Bochtis D (2021) A smart farming system for circular agriculture. Eng Proc 9(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021009010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Njeru EM (2013) Crop diversification: a potential strategy to mitigate food insecurity by smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa. J Agric Food Syst Community Dev 3(4):63–69

    Google Scholar 

  24. Wolfenson KDM (2013) Coping with the food and agriculture challenge: smallholders’ agenda. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome

  25. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2023) Food and the circular economy [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 8]. Available from: https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/food/overview. Accessed 8 Mar 2023

  26. Toop TA, Ward S, Oldfield T, Hull M, Kirby ME, Theodorou MK (2017) AgroCycle - developing a circular economy in agriculture. Energy Procedia 123:76–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Muscio A, Sisto R (2020) Are agri-food systems really switching to a circular economy model? Implications for European Research and Innovation Policy. Sustainability 12(14):5554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Esposito B, Sessa MR, Sica D, Malandrino O (2020) Towards circular economy in the agri-food sector. A systematic literature review. Sustainability 12(18):7401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rodias E, Aivazidou E, Achillas C, Aidonis D, Bochtis D (2021) Water-energy-nutrients synergies in the agrifood sector: a circular economy framework. Energies 14(1):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Neven D (2014) Developing sustainable food value chains: guiding principles [Internet]. Rome: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); p. 1–89. Available from: https://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/library/details/en/c/265156/. Accessed 01 Feb 2023

  31. Marinova D, Bogueva D (2022) Circular agriculture. In: Marinova D, Bogueva D, editors. Food in a Planetary Emergency [Internet]. Singapore: Springer Nature; [cited 2023 Feb 17]. p. 75–92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7707-6_5

  32. Mugambiwa SS (2023) Chapter 3 - Sustainable agriculture and sustainable developmental goals: a case study of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Farooq M, Gogoi N, Pisante M, editors. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment [Internet]. Academic Press; [cited 2023 Aug 16]. p. 91–103. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90500-8.00002-6

  33. Velten S, Leventon J, Jager N, Newig J (2015) What is sustainable agriculture? A systematic review. Sustainability 7(6):7833–7865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7067833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Geissdoerfer M, Savaget P, Bocken NMP, Hultink EJ (2017) The circular economy - a new sustainability paradigm? J Clean Prod 1(143):757–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kennedy S, Linnenluecke MK (2022) Circular economy and resilience: a research agenda. Bus Strategy Environ 31(6):2754–2765. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Gliessman S (2016) Transforming food systems with agroecology. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 40(3):187–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1130765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wezel A, Herren BG, Kerr RB, Barrios E, Gonçalves ALR, Sinclair F (2020) Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems A review. Agron Sustain Dev 40(6):40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Gulseven O, Mostert J (2017) Application of circular economy for sustainable resource management in Kuwait. Int J Soc Ecol Sustain Dev IJSESD 8(3):87–99. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSESD.2017070106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ihalainen M, Schure J, Sola P (2020) Where are the women? A review and conceptual framework for addressing gender equity in charcoal value chains in sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Sustain Dev 1(55):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hamam M, Chinnici G, Di Vita G, Pappalardo G, Pecorino B, Maesano G et al (2021) Circular economy models in agro-food systems: a review. Sustainability 13(6):3453. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee M, Gambiza J (2022) The adoption of conservation agriculture by smallholder farmers in southern Africa: a scoping review of barriers and enablers. J Rural Stud 1(92):214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.03.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Chinseu EL, Dougill AJ, Stringer LC (2022) Strengthening conservation agriculture innovation systems in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a stakeholder analysis. Int J Agric Sustain 20(1):17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1911511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nkonki-Mandleni B, Manenzhe NG, Omotayo AO (2022) Factors influencing the adoption of conservation agriculture by smallholder farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Open Agric 7(1):596–604. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sgroi F (2022) The circular economy for resilience of the agricultural landscape and promotion of the sustainable agriculture and food systems. J Agric Food Res 8:100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Barrett CB, Reardon T, Swinnen J, Zilberman D (2022) Agri-food value chain revolutions in low- and middle-income countries. J Econ Lit 60(4):1316–1377. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20201539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Wekesah FM, Mutua EN, Izugbara CO (2019) Gender and conservation agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Agric Sustain 17(1):78–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1567245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. OMAFRA. The Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (2023) [cited 2023 Mar 9]. Value Chains in Agriculture, Food and Agri-Products Sectors. Available from: http://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/valuechains.html. Accessed 6 Mar 2023

  48. World Health Organization (2022) The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022: Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. Vol. 2022. Food & Agriculture Organization

  49. FAO. State of Food and Agriculture (2019) moving forward on food waste and food loss reduction. The Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, p 2019

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hingsamer M, Jungmeier G (2019) Chapter Five - Biorefineries. In: Lago C, Caldés N, Lechón Y, editors. The Role of Bioenergy in the Bioeconomy [Internet]. Academic Press; [cited 2023 Mar 12]. p. 179–222. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813056-8.00005-4

  51. Sengupta S (2022) Inside the global effort to keep perfectly good food out of the dump. The New York Times [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 17]; Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/13/climate/global-food-waste-solutions.html. Accessed 12 Mar 2023

  52. Vilariño MV, Franco C, Quarrington C (2017) Food loss and waste reduction as an integral part of a circular economy. Front Environ Sci [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 12];5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00021

  53. Asante R, Faibil D, Agyemang M, Khan SA (2022) Life cycle stage practices and strategies for circular economy: assessment in construction and demolition industry of an emerging economy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(54):82110–82121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21470-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ghisellini P, Cialani C, Ulgiati S (2016) A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. J Clean Prod 15(114):11–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Mekonnen MM, Gerbens-Leenes W (2020) The water footprint of global food production. Water 12(10):2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Blakeney M (2019) Food loss and food waste: causes and solutions [Internet]. Food Loss and Food Waste. Edward Elgar Publishing; [cited 2023 Mar 12]. Available from: https://www.elgaronline.com/display/9781788975384/9781788975384.xml. Accessed 12 Mar 2023

  57. Yin RK (2014) Case study research: design and methods (applied social research methods). Sage publications Thousand Oaks, CA

    Google Scholar 

  58. Koranteng A, Zawila-Niedzwiecki T (2015) Modelling forest loss and other land use change dynamics in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Folia For Pol 57(2):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2015-0010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Ghana Statistical Service (2021) Asante Akim North Municipal. [cited 2023 Mar 14]. Population and Housing Census (PHC) General Report. Available from: https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/bannerpage.php?readmorenews=MTUwNDMxMDk2MS40NjA1&General-report-Highlights-3A-3N. Accessed 14 Mar 2023

  60. Kugbega SK, Aboagye PY (2021) Farmer-herder conflicts, tenure insecurity and farmer’s investment decisions in Agogo, Ghana. Agric Food Econ 9(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-021-00186-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Creswell JW, Hanson WE, Clark Plano VL, Morales A (2007) Qualitative research sesigns: selection and implementation. Couns Psychol 35(2):236–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Nkansah-Dwamena E (2021) Plural valuation of land and insights for achieving sustainable outcomes in large-scale land acquisition projects: the case of EcoEnergy Project in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Case Stud Environ 5(1):1327914. https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2021.1327914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Harrison H, Birks M, Franklin R, Mills J (2017) Case study research: foundations and methodological orientations. Forum Qual Sozialforschung Forum Qual Soc Res [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 13];18(1). Available from: https://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/2655. Accessed 13 Mar 2023

  64. Leterme P, Nesme T, Regan J, Korevaar H (2019) Chapter 21 - Environmental benefits of farm- and district-scale crop-livestock integration: a European perspective. In: Lemaire G, Carvalho PCDF, Kronberg S, Recous S, editors. Agroecosystem Diversity [Internet]. Academic Press; [cited 2023 Apr 18]. p. 335–49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811050-8.00021-2

  65. Braun V, Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3(2):77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Ferreira V, Almazán-Gómez MÁ, Nechifor V, Ferrari E (2022) The role of the agricultural sector in Ghanaian development: a multiregional SAM-based analysis. J Econ Struct 11(1):1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-022-00265-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Boon EK, Anuga SW (2020) Circular economy and its relevance for improving food and nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Ghana. Mater Circ Econ 2(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-020-00005-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Borras SM, Kay C, Gómez S, Wilkinson J (2012) Land grabbing and global capitalist accumulation: key features in Latin America. Can J Dev Stud Rev Can Détudes Dév 33(4):402–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2012.745394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Garrity DP, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC, Weldesemayat SG, Mowo JG, Kalinganire A et al (2010) Evergreen agriculture: a robust approach to sustainable food security in Africa. Food Secur 2(3):197–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-010-0070-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Pellegrini L, Tasciotti L (2014) Crop diversification, dietary diversity and agricultural income: empirical evidence from eight developing countries. Can J Dev Stud Rev Can Détudes Dév 35(2):211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2014.898580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Ayantunde AA, Oluwatosin BO, Yameogo V, van Wijk M (2020) Perceived benefits, constraints and determinants of sustainable intensification of mixed crop and livestock systems in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso. Int J Agric Sustain 18(1):84–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1698494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Kremen C, Iles A, Bacon C (2012) Diversified farming systems: an agroecological, systems-based alternative to modern industrial agriculture. Ecol Soc [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 8];17(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05103-170444

  73. Kiptot E, Franzel S, Degrande A (2014) Gender, agroforestry and food security in Africa. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 1(6):104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Tariq M, Ali H, Hussain N, Nasim W, Mubeen M, Ahmad S, et al (2019) Fundamentals of crop rotation in agronomic management. In: Hasanuzzaman M, editor. Agronomic Crops: Volume 1: Production Technologies [Internet]. Singapore: Springer; [cited 2023 May 7]. p. 545–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9151-5_24

  75. Hengsdijk H, de Boer WJ (2017) Post-harvest management and post-harvest losses of cereals in Ethiopia. Food Secur 9(5):945–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0714-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Cardoen D, Joshi P, Diels L, Sarma PM, Pant D (2015) Agriculture biomass in India: Part 2. Post-harvest losses, cost and environmental impacts. Resour Conserv Recycl. 101:143–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.06.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Van der Ploeg JD (2018) The new peasantries: rural development in times of globalization. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114712

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author thanks all reviewers who provided valuable comments.

Funding

The author did not receive funding from any source.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 224 Rockwell Integrated Science Center, Lafayette College, 746 High St., Easton, PA, 18042, USA

    Ernest Nkansah-Dwamena

Authors
  1. Ernest Nkansah-Dwamena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The author did all the work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ernest Nkansah-Dwamena.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Approval was granted by the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Participants consented to participate in the study.

Consent for Publication

I, Ernest Nkansah-Dwamena, give my consent myself to be published by Circular Economy and Sustainability.

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nkansah-Dwamena, E. Why Small-Scale Circular Agriculture Is Central to Food Security and Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa? The Case of Ghana. Circ.Econ.Sust. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-023-00320-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-023-00320-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation