Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) represent traumatic contexts negatively impacting mental health. Additional adversity is experienced by 2SLGBTQIA + persons, in the forms of discrimination and rejection. While minority stress theory predicts greater mental health challenges for 2SLGBTQIA + persons, resilience theory proposes pathways of adaptation. Little attention has been given to the impact of ACEs among 2SLGBTQIA + adults and the role of resilience. Given the emergent literature base, a scoping review, adhering to Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) framework, documents the extent and nature of extant research in this complex area. Peer-reviewed, English-language publications investigating relationships between ACEs, resilience, and mental health among 2SLGTBQIA + persons were searched from five databases (EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and CINAHL). Abstracts and full texts were reviewed by two authors independently. Data were charted and synthesized qualitatively. Searches yielded 16,183 records; of these, 11,915 abstracts and 76 full texts were reviewed, and 19 studies (eight qualitative, 11 quantitative) were included. Most studies did not explore all ACEs on the original, 10-item ACE questionnaire. ACEs, especially child sexual abuse, were elevated in 2SLGBTQIA + persons and linked with poorer mental health, exacerbated by intersecting oppressions (i.e., racialization). Studies assessing the effects of resilience on the ACE-mental health relationship found mediation or moderation meriting further empirical clarification. Though 2SLGBTQIA + identity is associated with greater ACEs and poorer mental health in adulthood, higher resilience buffers or explains the ACE-mental health relationship. Resilience interventions may counter minority stress experienced by 2SLGBTQIA + persons.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The term “Black” refers to all those who identify as Black, Black African, African American, African Cuban, African Caribbean, and/or Black and another race within the context of health-related fields; thus, the present study will use such terminology to highlight overaching trends among Black participants (Agyemang et al., 2005). However, if included studies used more specific terminology, such specific terminology will be used to describe those studies’ results. Currently, four studies used the term “African American” or “African Cuban” specifically (Balsam et al., 2015; Kia-Keating et al., 2005; Rew et al., 2001; Singh & McKleroy, 2011), two used a combination of “Black” and “African American” (Dale et al., 2020; Vigna et al., 2018), and two used “Black” only (Rouhani et al., 2021; Willie et al., 2016). Similarly, “White” will be used as opposed to “Caucasian” in favor of the former term’s higher level of inclusivity.
References
Aburn, G., Gott, M., & Hoare, K. (2016). What is resilience? An integrative review of the empirical literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(5), 980–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12888
Agyemang, C., Bhopal, R., & Bruijnzeels, M. (2005). Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or what? Labelling African origin populations in the health arena in the 21st century. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(12), 1014–1018. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.035964
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Resilience. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved July 21, 2022, from https://dictionary.apa.org/resilience
Andersen, J., & Blosnich, J. (2013). Disparities in adverse childhood experiences among sexual minority and heterosexual adults: Results from a multi-state probability-based sample. PLoS One, 8(1), e54691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054691
Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Arreola, S., Neilands, T., Pollack, L., Paul, J., & Catania, J. (2008). Childhood sexual experiences and adult health sequelae among gay and bisexual men: Defining childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Sex Research, 45(3), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490802204431
Arreola, S. G., Neilands, T. B., & Díaz, R. (2009). Childhood sexual abuse and the sociocultural context of sexual risk among adult Latino gay and bisexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 99(Suppl 2), S432–S438. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138925
* Baker, S. (2003). Lesbian survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Community, identity, and resilience. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health = Revue Canadienne De Sante Mentale Communautaire, 22(2), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2003-0012
* Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038680
Barajas-Gonzalez, R. G., Ayón, C., Brabeck, K., Rojas-Flores, L., & Valdez, C. R. (2021). An ecological expansion of the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) framework to include threat and deprivation associated with U.S. immigration policies and enforcement practices An examination of the Latinx immigrant experience. Social Science & Medicine, 282, 114126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114126
Blosnich, J. R., & Andersen, J. P. (2015). Thursday’s child: The role of adverse childhood experiences in explaining mental health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual US adults. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(2), 335–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0955-4
Blum, R., Harris, L. J., Resnick, M. D., & Rosenwinkel, K. (1989). Technical report on the adolescent health survey. University of Minnesota.
Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671
Bowleg, L., Huang, J., Brooks, K., Black, A., & Burkholder, G. (2003). Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among black lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1300/J155v07n04_06
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington Books.
Brown, L. S. (2008). Cultural competence in trauma therapy: Beyond the flashback. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
* Carastathis, G. S., Cohen, L., Kaczmarek, E., & Chang, P. (2017). Rejected by family for being gay or lesbian: Portrayals, perceptions, and resilience. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(3), 289–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1179035
Carroll, L., Gilroy, P. J., & Ryan, J. (2002). Counseling transgendered, transsexual, and gender-variant clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00175.x
* Carroll, L., & Tuason, Ma. T. G. (2015). “Perpetually self-reflective”: Lesbian daughters of mothers with severe mental illness. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(7), 1059–1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015602316
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., & Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386–389. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083968
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, April 2). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Violence Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html
Charney, D. S. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(2), 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195
Choi, J. (2022). The moderating role of family resilience in the relationship of bullying victimization, adverse childhood experiences and poverty status to adolescents’ internalizing disorders. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2074329
Cicchetti, D. (2010). Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: A multilevel perspective. World Psychiatry, 9(3), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/2Fj.2051-5545.2010.tb00297.x
Colpitts, E., & Gahagan, J. (2016). The utility of resilience as a conceptual framework for understanding and measuring LGBTQ health. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0349-1
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Costanza-Chock, S., & Schweidler, C. (2017). Toward transformative media organizing: LGBTQ and Two-Spirit media work in the United States. Media, Culture & Society, 39(2), 159–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716674360
Covidence systematic review software [Computer program]. (2014). Veritas health innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Available at www.covidence.org
* Creighton, G. M., Oliffe, J. L., Broom, A., Rossnagel, E., Ferlatte, O., & Darroch, F. (2019). “I never saw a future”: Childhood trauma and suicidality among sexual minority women. Qualitative Health Research, 29(14), 2035–2047. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319843502
Davidson, J. R. T., Book, S. W., Colket, J. T., Tupler, L. A., Roth, S., David, D., Hertzberg, M., Mellman, T., Beckham, J. C., Smith, R. D., Davison, R. M., Katz, R., & Feldman, M. E. (1997). Assessment of a new selfrating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004229
D’Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., & Starks, M. T. (2006). Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(11), 1462–1482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506293482
* Dale, S. K., Sanders, J., Safren, S. A., Ironson, G., & O’Cleirigh, C. (2020). Correlates of resilience after childhood sexual abuse among men who have sex with men. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 21(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1719263
* Ding, C., Wang, T., Chen, X., Li, J., Wang, W., Huang, D., Yan, H., & Li, S. (2019). Association of adverse childhood experience and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with depressive symptoms among men who have sex with men in China: Moderated mediation effect of resilience. BMC Public Health, 19, 1706. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8016-2
Dulin, A. J., Dale, S. K., Earnshaw, V. A., Fava, J. L., Mugavero, M. J., Napravnik, S., Hogan, J. W., Carey, M. P., & Howe, C. J. (2018). Resilience and HIV: A review of the definition and study of resilience. AIDS Care, 30(sup5), S6–S17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1515470
Eisenberg, M. E., Wood, B. A., Erickson, D. J., Gower, A. L., Kessel Schneider, S., & Corliss, H. L. (2021). Associations between LGBTQ+-supportive school and community resources and suicide attempts among adolescents in Massachusetts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91(6), 800–811. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000574
Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993). Resilience as a process. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 517–528.
Farrugia, C. (2022, February). Inclusive communication with LGBTIQ+ clients. Evidence to practice guide. Retrieved from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/inclusive-communication-lgbtiq-clients
Feinberg, L. (1998). Trans liberation: Beyond pink and blue. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Guadamuz, T. E., Wei, C., Wong, C. F., Saewyc, E., & Stall, R. (2011). A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), 1481–1494. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190009
Garrett, P. M. (2016). Questioning tales of ‘ordinary magic’: ‘Resilience’ and neo-liberal reasoning. The British Journal of Social Work, 46(7), 1909–1925. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcv017
Glanz, M. D., & Johnson, J. L. (1999). Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Grossman, F. K., Cook, A. B., Kepkep, S. S., & Koenen, K. C. (1999). With the phoenix rising: Lessons from ten resilient women who overcame the trauma of childhood sexual abuse. San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass, Inc.
Hartling, L. (2004). Fostering resilience throughout our lives: New relational possibilities. In D. Comstock (Ed.), Diversity and development: Critical contexts that shape our lives and relationships. Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Heid, O., Khalid, M., Smith, H., Kim, K., Smith, S., Wekerle, C., Bomberry, T., Hill, L. D., General, D. A., Green, T. J., Harris, C., Jacobs, B., Jacobs, N., Kim, K., Horse, M. L., Martin-Hill, D., McQueen, K. C. D., Miller, T. F., Noronha, N., … The Six Nations Youth Mental Wellness Committee. (2022). Indigenous youth and resilience in Canada and the USA: A scoping review. Adversity and Resilience Science, 3(2), 113–147https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-022-00060-2
Helton, J. J., Davis, J. P., Lee, D. S., & Pakdaman, S. (2022). Expanding adverse child experiences to inequality and racial discrimination. Preventive Medicine, 157, 107016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107016
Hobfoll, S. E., Stevens, N. R., & Zalta, A. K. (2015). Expanding the science of resilience: Conserving resources in the aid of adaptation. Psychological Inquiry, 26(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.1002377
Jackson, J. L., & Kuriyama, A. (2019). How often do systematic reviews exclude articles not published in English? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34, 1388–1389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04976-x
Jayawickreme, E., Infurna, F. J., Alajak, K., Blackie, L. E. R., Chopik, W. J., Chung, J. M., Dorfman, A., Fleeson, W., Forgeard, M. J. C., Frazier, P., Furr, R. M., Grossmann, I., Heller, A. S., Laceulle, O. M., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Luong, G., Meijer, L., McLean, K. C., & Zonneveld, R. (2021). Post-traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations. Journal of Personality, 89(1), 145–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12591
Jew, C. L., Green, K. E., & Kroger, J. (1999). Development and validation of a measure of resiliency. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 32, 75–90.
* Jiang, H., Li, J., Tan, Z., Chen, X., Cheng, W., Gong, X., & Yang, Y. (2020). Syndemic factors and HIV risk among men who have sex with men in Guangzhou, China: Evidence from synergy and moderated analyses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(1), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01488-x
Johnson, J. L. (1999). Commentary: Resilience as transactional equilibrium. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptation (pp. 225–228). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Karatekin, C., & Hill, M. (2018). Expanding the original definition of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 12(3), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0237-5
* Kia-Keating, M., Grossman, F. K., Sorsoli, L., & Epstein, M. (2005). Containing and resisting masculinity: Narratives of renegotiation among resilient male survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(3), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.3.169
Koss, M. P., & Gidycz, C. A. (1985). Sexual experiences survey: Reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 422–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.422
Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., Ullman, S., West, C., & White, J. (2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x
Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 179–224). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Lipscomb, S. T., Hatfield, B., Goka-Dubose, E., Lewis, H., & Fisher, P. A. (2021). Impacts of roots of resilience professional development for early childhood teachers on young children’s protective factors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 56, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.02.002
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857–885.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., & Larimer, M. (1995). Preventing alcohol abuse in college students: A harm-reduction approach. In G. M. Boyd, J. H. Howard, & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), Alcohol problems among adolescents: Current directions in prevention research (pp. 147–172). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
Masten, A. S., Lucke, C. M., Nelson, K. M., & Stallworthy, I. C. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 521–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6
* McNair, R. P., Parkinson, S., Dempsey, D., & Andrews, C. (2021). Lesbian, gay and bisexual homelessness in Australia: Risk and resilience factors to consider in policy and practice. Health & Social Care in the Community, 00(n/a), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13439
Mertens, D. M. (1998). Research methods in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Meyer, I. H. (2014). Minority stress and positive psychology: Convergences and divergences to understanding LGBT health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 348–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000070
* Mimiaga, M. J., Closson, E. F., Thomas, B., Mayer, K. H., Betancourt, T., Menon, S., & Safren, S. A. (2015). Garnering an in-depth understanding of men who have sex with men in Chennai, India: A qualitative analysis of sexual minority status and psychological distress. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(7), 2077–2086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0369-0
Mrazak, P. J., & Mrazak, D. (1987). Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse & Neglect, 11, 357–365.
Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
Nair, A. S. (2019). Publication bias - Importance of studies with negative results! Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 63(6), 505–507. https://doi.org/10.4103/2Fija.IJA_142_19
Oré, C. E., Teufel-Shone, N. I., & Chico-Jarillo, T. M. (2016). American Indian and Alaskan Native resilience along the life course and across generations: A literature review. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 23(3), 134–157. https://doi.org/10.5820/2Faian.2303.2016.134
Parabiaghi, A., Bonetto, C., Ruggeri, M., Lasalvia, A., & Leese, M. (2006). Severe and persistent mental illness: A useful definition for prioritizing community based mental health service interventions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0048-0
Patel, S., Robb, K., Pluff, C., Maldonado, E., Tatar, G., & Williams, T. (2021). Elevating mental health disparities and building psychosocial resilience among BIPOC children and youth to broaden the climate and health discourse. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 12(1). https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol12/iss1/3
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Pooley, J. A., & Cohen, L. (2010). Resilience: A definition in context. Australian Community Psychologist, 22, 30–37.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: Self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the selfcompassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70
Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Colder, C. R. (2006). Development and preliminary validation of the young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67(1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.169
Reeves, A., & Stewart, S. (2017). Healing the spirit: Exploring sexualized trauma and recovery among Indigenous men in Toronto. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research (online), 24(1), 30–60. https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.2401.2017.30
* Rew, L., Taylor-Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y., & Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship: An Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 33(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00033.x
Richardson, G. E., Neiger, B., Jensen, S., & Kumpfer, K. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00970050.1990.10614589
Ristock, J., Zoccole, A., Passante, L., & Potskin, J. (2019). Impacts of colonization on Indigenous Two-Spirit/LGBTQ Canadians’ experiences of migration, mobility and relationship violence. Sexualities, 22(5–6), 767–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460716681474
Roberts, A. L., Austin, S. B., Corliss, H. L., Vandermorris, A. K., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2433–2441. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2009). Disclosure of sexual orientation and subsequent substance use and abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Critical role of disclosure reactions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 23(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014284
Ross, L. E., Salway, T., Tarasoff, L. A., MacKay, J. M., Hawkins, B. W., & Fehr, C. P. (2018). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among bisexual people compared to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1387755
* Rouhani, S., Decker, M. R., Tomko, C., Silberzahn, B., Allen, S. T., Park, J. N., Footer, K. H. A., & Sherman, S. G. (2021). Resilience among cisgender and transgender women in street-based sex work in Baltimore, Maryland. Women’s Health Issues, 31(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2020.11.002
Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x
Saewyc, E. M. (2011). Research on adolescent sexual orientation: Development, health disparities, stigma, and resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence : The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x
* Sauceda, J. A., Wiebe, J. S., & Simoni, J. M. (2016). Childhood sexual abuse and depression in Latino men who have sex with men: Does resilience protect against nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy? Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 1096–1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314546341
Schetter, C. D., & Dolbier, C. (2011). Resilience in the context of chronic stress and health in adults. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(9), 634–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00379.x
* Schnarrs, P. W., Stone, A. L., Salcido, R., Georgiou, C., Zhou, X., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020). The moderating effect of resilience on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and quality of physical and mental health among adult sexual and gender minorities. Behavioral Medicine (Washington, D.C.), 46(3–4), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2020.1727406
Schneeberger, A. R., Dietl, M. F., Muenzenmaier, K. H., Huber, C. G., & Lang, U. E. (2014). Stressful childhood experiences and health outcomes in sexual minority populations: A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(9), 1427–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0854-8
Singh, J. A., Siddiqi, M., Parameshwar, P., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2019). World Health Organization guidance on ethical considerations in planning and reviewing research studies on sexual and reproductive health in adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), 427–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.008
* Singh, A. A., & McKleroy, V. S. (2011). “Just getting out of bed is a revolutionary act”: The resilience of transgender people of color who have survived traumatic life events. Traumatology, 17(2), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610369261
Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Stewart, M., Reid, G., & Mangham, C. (1997). Fostering children’s resilience. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12, 21–31.
* Stone, A. L., Nimmons, E. A., Salcido, R., & Schnarrs, P. (2020). “My meemaw is a cool ass person”: Family members as role models of resilience for sexual and gender diverse people of color. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 16(2), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2020.1724148
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017003001
Szilagyi, M., & Halfon, N. (2015). Pediatric adverse childhood experiences: Implications for life course health trajectories. Academic Pediatrics, 15(5), 467–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.07.004
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, G., & Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Barrett, L. F. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x
Ungar, M. (Ed.). (2021). Multisystemic resilience: Adaptation and transformation in contexts of change. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190095888.001.0001
Vaishnavi, S., Connor, K., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2007). An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CD-RISC2: Psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials. Psychiatry Research, 152(2), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.01.006
* Vigna, A. J., Poehlmann-Tynan, J., & Koenig, B. W. (2018). Does self-compassion covary with minority stress? Examining group differences at the intersection of marginalized identities. Self and Identity, 17(6), 687–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1457566
Waaktaar, T., & Torgersen, S. (2012). Genetic and environmental causes of variation in trait resilience in young people. Behavior Genetics, 42(3), 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-011-9519-5
Wagnild, G. M. (2009). The Resilience Scale user’s guide for the U.S. English version of the Resilience Scale and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14). Worden, MT: The Resilience Center
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–178.
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1994). PTSD checklist—civilian version. Boston: National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division.
Wells, M. (2009). Resilience in Rural Community-Dwelling Older Adults. The Journal of Rural Health, 25(4), 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00253.x
Williams, J. K., Wilton, L., Magnus, M., Wang, L., Wang, J., Dyer, T. P., Koblin, B. A., Hucks-Ortiz, C., Fields, S. D., Shoptaw, S., Stephenson, R., O’Cleirigh, C., & Cummings, V. (2015). Relation of childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and depression to risk factors for HIV among black men who have sex with Men in 6 US cities. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), 2473–2481. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302878
* Willie, T. C., Overstreet, N. M., Peasant, C., Kershaw, T., Sikkema, K. J., & Hansen, N. B. (2016). Anxiety and depressive symptoms among people living with HIV and childhood sexual abuse: The role of shame and posttraumatic growth. AIDS and Behavior, 20(8), 1609–1620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1298-9
Wilsnack, S. C., Klassen, A. D., Schur, B. E., & Wilsnack, R. W. (1991). Predicting onset and chronicity of women’s problem drinking: A five-year longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 81(3), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.81.3.305
Zlotnick, C., Zakriski, A. L., Shea, M. T., Costello, E., Begin, A., Pearlstein, T., & Simpson, E. (1996). The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(2), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110655
Acknowledgements
The research team thanks Tristan Bomberry for sharing his perspectives on this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(XLSX 46 kb)
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y.B.(., Mishra, S., Liang, E. et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Health, and Resilience in 2SLGBTQIA + Persons: a Scoping Review. ADV RES SCI 4, 211–233 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-023-00095-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-023-00095-z