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Influence of Fuel Boiling Point on Discharge Characteristics of Superheated Hydrocarbon Liquid Jets

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Abstract

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of fuel boiling point on the hydraulic characteristics of high-temperature liquid jets, simulating injection of fuel used as coolant in the active cooling systems of a hypersonic flight vehicle. Two hydrocarbon fuels were specially created to have higher boiling points than conventional aviation fuels. The fuels were heated to close to 573 K (300 °C) using an induction heater at an upstream pressure of up to 1.1 MPa, and discharged to atmospheric downstream pressure conditions through a plain orifice nozzle of diameter 0.7 mm. The fundamental hydraulic characteristics represented in Cd with respect to Tinj at three injection pressure conditions for the three fuels show that the temperatures at which Cd begins to decrease are very close to each fuel’s boiling or bubble point and remain almost constant for each fuel even when ∆P is varied. In the relationship between Cd and Re, the discharge coefficients, which are almost identical regardless of fuel and ΔP conditions in relatively low ranges of Re, begin to deviate and decrease sharply as Re increases, due to the collapse of the mass flow rate induced by the choked cavitation. The present results also confirm that the effect of fuel boiling point on thermal cavitation at temperatures above the boiling point is well correlated with the relationship between Cd and cavitation number, and the degree of choked cavitation as quantified by the cavitation numbers collapses to almost the same line, even for fuels with different boiling or bubble points.

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Abbreviations

A o :

Outlet (orifice) area of the injector (m2)

Ca :

Cavitation number, \( Ca = \frac{{P_{\infty } - P_{\text{sat}} }}{{\rho V^{2} /2}} \)

C d :

Discharge coefficient, \( C_{\text{d}} = \frac{{\dot{m}_{\text{f}} }}{{A_{\text{o}} \sqrt {2\rho_{\text{l}} \Delta P} }} \)

D :

Diameter of orifice (m)

K :

Cavitation number, \( K = \frac{{P_{\text{inj}} - P_{\text{sat}} }}{{P_{\text{inj}} - P_{\infty } }} \)

L :

Length of orifice (m)

\( \dot{m}_{\text{f}} \) :

Fuel mass flow rate (kg/s)

P ∞ :

Ambient pressure (MPa)

P inj :

Injection pressure (MPa)

P sat :

Saturation vapor pressure (MPa)

Re :

Reynolds number, \( Re = \frac{{\rho_{\text{l}} VD}}{{\mu_{\text{l}} }} \)

T inj :

Fuel injection temperature (K)

T ref :

Reference temperature (K)

T sat :

Saturation temperature (K)

V :

Average injection velocity (m/s)

ΔP :

Pressure drop across the injector, ΔP = Pinj−P∞

μ l :

Liquid viscosity (Pa s)

ρ l :

Liquid density (kg/m3)

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 4-5, Agency for Defense Development, 35-4 Yuseong P.O. Box, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea

    Young Joon Yoo, Hojin Choi, Byunghun Jeong & Jeongsik Han

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea

    Young Joon Yoo

  3. Division of Aeronautics, Cheongju University, 298 Daeseong-ro, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28503, Republic of Korea

    Hyung Ju Lee

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  1. Young Joon Yoo
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Correspondence to Hyung Ju Lee.

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Yoo, Y.J., Lee, H.J., Choi, H. et al. Influence of Fuel Boiling Point on Discharge Characteristics of Superheated Hydrocarbon Liquid Jets. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 21, 186–200 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-019-00214-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-019-00214-0

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