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Struggle, Strength, and Survival: The Trujillo Homesteads National Historic Landmark and Hispanic American Settlement in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

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Abstract

The Trujillo Homesteads National Historic Landmark encompasses two 19th-century Hispanic American ranches on the western edge of the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve in the San Luis Valley of south central Colorado. These sites are the 1865 Teofilo and Andrellita Trujillo homestead and the 1879 homestead of their son and his wife, Pedro and Sofia Trujillo. The Trujillo homesteads are associated with a broad pattern of United States history: the northward movement of Hispanic Americans into the newly acquired southwesternmost region of the American frontier. They represent a pattern of dispersed, independent settlement by individuals who focused on amassing public lands rather than following the area’s established pre-1848 tradition of founding colonies on Mexican land grants. The historical archaeology components of the two homesteads further understanding of the nation’s early Hispanic American legacy and interactions on the borderlands among Hispanic, Native American, and European American cultures and economic interests on the American frontier.

Resumen

El Monumento Histórico Nacional Trujillo Homesteads abarca dos ranchos hispanoamericanos del siglo XIX en el borde occidental del Parque Nacional y Reserva Great Sand Dunes en el Valle de San Luis en el centro sur de Colorado. Estos sitios son el patrimonio de familia (o homestead) de Teófilo y Andrellita Trujillo en 1865 y, en 1879, el patrimonio de familia de su hijo y su esposa, Pedro y Sofía Trujillo. Los Trujillo Homesteads están asociados con un patrón amplio de la historia de los Estados Unidos: el movimiento hacia el norte de los hispanoamericanos hacia la región más al sudoeste de la frontera estadounidense recién adquirida. Representan un patrón de asentamiento disperso e independiente de personas que se concentraron en acumular tierras públicas, en lugar de seguir la tradición establecida en el área anterior a 1848 de fundar colonias en mercedes de tierras mexicanas. Los componentes de arqueología histórica de los dos ranchos mejoran la comprensión del legado temprano hispanoamericano de la nación y las interacciones en las tierras fronterizas entre las culturas e intereses económicos hispanos, nativos americanos y euroamericanos en la frontera estadounidense.

Résumé

Le site historique national des résidences Trujillo se compose de deux fermes hispano-américaines du 19ème siècle situées sur la pointe occidentale du Parc national et réserve des Great Sand Dunes dans la Vallée San Luis de la région centrale du sud du Colorado. Ces sites sont la demeure datant de 1865 de Teofilo et Andrellita Trujillo et celle datant de 1879 de leur fils et de son épouse, Pedro et Sofia Trujillo. Les résidences Trujillo sont associées à un vaste modèle de l'histoire des États-Unis : le mouvement en direction du nord des Hispano-Américains dans la région nouvellement acquise de l'extrême sud-ouest de la frontière américaine. Elles représentent un modèle d'implantation dispersée, indépendante par des individus dont la priorité était d'amasser des terres publiques, plutôt que de suivre la tradition établie dans la région antérieurement à 1848 d'une fondation de colonies sur des terrains mexicains alloués. Les composantes d'archéologie historique des deux résidences permettent d'affiner la connaissance de l'héritage précoce hispano-américain de la nation, des interactions sur les régions frontalières entre les cultures hispanique, amérindienne et européenne américaine et des intérêts économiques sur la frontière américaine.

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Acknowledgments:

Special thanks to Laurie and Tom Simmons for their tireless efforts to document and research these two homesteads. Many thanks also to the numerous individuals who supported the research and the fieldwork, including Fred Bunch, Adrienne Anderson, Meg Van Ness, Charlie Haecker, David White, Bob Linger, Richard Carrillo, David Killam, Tad and Casey Carpenter, Andrew Valdez, Kathy Faz, Ted Hoefer III, Chris Bevilacqua, Steven Sundjordet, Dolly McClellan, Marvin Goad, Michelle Slaughter, Maria Martinez, Astrid Liverman, Sal Martorano, and the many fieldwork volunteers who assisted us over the years. We also appreciate all of the Trujillo family descendants who shared their family histories, especially Andrea Trujillo Lujan, Maria Tita Causby, and Deborah Quintana. Gratitude is extended to History Colorado and the Colorado State Historical Fund, the Nature Conservancy, and the Rio Grande County Museum for their funding support. The technical assistance and logistical support from numerous employees at Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, the Nature Conservancy, the Medano-Zapata Ranch, and the San Luis Valley Archaeological Network is also appreciated.

Funding

The survey, site documentation, and National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmark nomination projects on both homesteads were funded by the National Park Service and the History Colorado State Historical Fund (through the Nature Conservancy and the Rio Grande County Museum).

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Correspondence to Marilyn Armagast Martorano.

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The author worked for RMC Consultants, Inc., during all of the projects listed above.

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Martorano, M.A. Struggle, Strength, and Survival: The Trujillo Homesteads National Historic Landmark and Hispanic American Settlement in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Hist Arch 56, 511–523 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-022-00362-3

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