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Evaluation of TGF-β1 in gingival crevicular fluid and clinical parameters of smoker and nonsmoker patients treated with low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing

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Abstract

Objective

Periodontitis is an infectious oral disease characterized by periodontal pocket, clinical attachment loss and alveolar bone loss. Smoking has a negative impact on the outcome of periodontal treatment, and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) has shown to enhance wound healing by biostimulatory action on various cells, increasing angiogenesis and release of growth factors. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) possesses both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory characteristics and plays a role in tissue remodeling and tissue regeneration. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of LLLT as an adjunct to SRP on healing by evaluating clinical parameters—gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and TGF-β1 in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of nonsmokers and smokers with periodontitis.

Materials and methods

A total of 30 patients with periodontitis were selected and further sub divided into Group I (15 patients)—smokers with periodontitis and Group II (15 patients)—nonsmokers with periodontitis. The GCF was collected to analyze TGF-β1 levels on day 1, day 7 and day 30. Clinical parameters such as GI, PI, PD and CAL were assessed on day 1 and day 30.

Result

The TGF-β1 levels decreased post treatment in both the groups with a good reduction seen in nonsmokers when compared to smokers. All the clinical parameters (GI, PI, PD and CAL) reduced from day 1 to day 30 with statistical significance (p = 0.001) in both the groups. There was a statistically significant reduction in the TGF-β1 levels in both the groups at all time intervals.

Conclusion

In the present study the TGF-β1 was present in all the three GCF samples that were collected on day 1 and on day 7 and day 30 post SRP and LLLT. A higher level of TGF-β1 was noticed on day 1 (before treatment) that gradually reduced after SRP and LLLT in both smokers and nonsmokers. In addition to the regular wound healing, the addition of LLLT increases neovascularization and enhances healing after SRP, which may prove beneficial in smokers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Periodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 6000107, India

    Archana Balakrishnan, Lalitha Tanjore Arunachalam & Uma Sudhakar

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  1. Archana Balakrishnan
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  2. Lalitha Tanjore Arunachalam
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  3. Uma Sudhakar
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Correspondence to Lalitha Tanjore Arunachalam.

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Balakrishnan, A., Arunachalam, L.T. & Sudhakar, U. Evaluation of TGF-β1 in gingival crevicular fluid and clinical parameters of smoker and nonsmoker patients treated with low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing. Laser Dent Sci 6, 55–61 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41547-022-00147-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41547-022-00147-0

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