Abstract
Reactivity and physical properties of π-conjugated hydrocarbon systems depend predominantly on the topology of π-electrons array. Quinoidal conjugations serve as giving diradical character to molecules, leading to unique chemical behaviors. The simplest member of quinodimethanes are o-, m-, and p-quinodimethanes, which are very reactive due to diradical character and cannot be isolated under normal experimental conditions. However, chemical modifications, such as π-extension or introduction of substituent groups, of quinodimethanes imparts stabilities to quinodimethanes that can be handled under ambient conditions. This chapter offers an overview of reactivity and magnetic properties of benzenoid o-, m-, and p-quinodimethanes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kubo T (2015) Recent progress in quinoidal singlet biradical molecules. Chem Lett 44:111–122
Abe M (2013) Diradicals. Chem Rev 113:7011–7088
Zeng Z, Wu J (2015) Stable π-extended p-quinodimethanes: synthesis and tunable ground states. Chem Rec 15:322–328
Ni Y, Wu J (2016) Diradical approach toward organic near infrared dyes. Tetrahedron Lett 57:5426–5434
Sun Z, Zeng Z, Wu J (2013) Benzenoid polycyclic hydrocarbons with an open-shell biradical ground state. Chem Asian J 8:2894–2904
Sun Z, Ye Q, Chi C, Wu J (2012) Low band gap polycyclic hydrocarbons: from closed-shell near infrared dyes and semiconductors to open-shell radicals. Chem Soc Rev 41:7857
Nishinaga T (2016) Organic redox systems. Wiley, Hoboken
Szwarc M (1947) The C–H bond energy in toluene and xylenes. Nature 160:403
Brown CJ, Farthing AC (1949) Preparation and structure of di-p-xylylene. Nature 164:915
Coulson CA, Craig DP, Maccoll A, Pullman A (1947) p-Quinodimethane and its diradical. Discuss Faraday Soc 2:36
Williams DJ, Pearson JM, Levy M (1970) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of quinodimethanes. J Am Chem Soc 92:1436–1438
Pearson JM, Six HA, Williams DJ, Levy M (1971) Spectroscopic studies of quinodimethanes. J Am Chem Soc 93:5034–5036
Yamakita Y, Furukawa Y, Tasumi M (1993) Observation of the infrared and Raman spectra of p-benzoquinodimethane in low-temperature Ar matrices. Chem Lett 22:311–314
Yamakita Y, Tasumi M (1995) Vibrational analyses of p-benzoquinodimethane and p-benzoquinone based on ab initio Hartree–Fock and second-order Moller–Plesset calculations. J Phys Chem 99:8524–8534
Koenig T, Wielesek R, Snell W, Balle T (1975) Helium(I) photoelectron spectrum of p-quinodimethane. J Am Chem Soc 97:3225–3226
Mahaffy PG, Wieser JD, Montgomery LK (1977) An electron diffraction study of p-xylylene. J Am Chem Soc 99:4514–4515
Bobrowski M, Skurski P, Freza S (2011) The electronic structure of p-xylylene and its reactivity with vinyl molecules. Chem Phys 382:20–26
Thiele J, Balhorn H (1904) Ueber einen chinoïden Kohlenwasserstoff. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 37:1463–1470
Tschitschibabin AE (1907) Über einige phenylierte Derivate des p, p-ditolyls. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 40:1810–1819
Cava MP, Napier DR (1957) Condensed cyclobutane aromatic systems. II. Dihalo derivatives of benzocyclobutene and benzocyclobutadiene dimer. J Am Chem Soc 79:1701–1705
Segura JL, Martín N (1999) o-Quinodimethanes: efficient intermediates in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 99:3199–3246
Yoshida H, Ohshita J, Kunai A (2010) Aryne, ortho-quinone methide, and ortho-quinodimethane: synthesis of multisubstituted arenes using the aromatic reactive intermediates. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 83:199–219
Charlton JL, Alauddin MM (1987) Orthoquinodimethanes. Tetrahedron 43:2873–2889
Quinkert G, Wiersdorff W-W, Finke M, Opitz K (1966) Über das tetraphenyl-o-xylylen. Tetrahedron Lett 7:2193–2200
Fishwick CWG, Jones DW (1988) ortho-Quinonoid Compounds. In: Patai S, Rappoport Z (eds) The chemistry of the quinonoid compounds. Wiley, New York, pp 403–453
Flynn CR, Michl J (1974) π, π-Biradicaloid hydrocarbons. o-Xylylene. Photochemical preparation from 1,4-dihydrophthalazine in rigid glass, electric spectroscopy, and calculations. J Am Chem Soc 96:3280–3288
Flynn CR, Michl J (1973) Photochemical preparation of o-xylylene from 1,3-dihydrophthalazine in rigid glass. J Am Chem Soc 95:5802–5803
Tseng KL, Michl J (1977) An approach to biradical-like species. Spectroscopy of o-xylylene in argon matrix. J Am Chem Soc 99:4840–4842
Miller RD, Kolc J, Michl J (1976) Photochemical generation of stable o-xylylene derivatives by the electrocyclic ring opening of some polycyclic benzocyclobutene derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 98:8510–8514
McMahon RJ, Chapman OL (1987) Direct spectroscopic observation of intramolecular hydrogen shifts in carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 109:683–692
Baird NC (1972) Quantum organic photochemistry. II. Resonance and aromaticity in the lowest 3ππ* state of cyclic hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 94:4941–4948
Roth WR, Biermann M, Erker G, Jelich K, Gerhartz W, Görner H (1980) Isolierung und Energiemulde des 2,3-dimethylen-1,4-cyclohexadiyl-Diradikals. Chem Ber 113:586–597
Roth WR, Scholz BP (1982) Zur Energiedelle von Diradikalen, II. Das 2,3-dimethylen-1,4-cyclohexadiyl. Chem Ber 115:1197–1208
Roth WR, Biermann M, Dekker H, Jochems R, Mosselman C, Hermann H (1978) Das Energieprofil des o-Chinodimethan-Benzocyclobuten-Gleichgewichtes. Chem Ber 111:3892–3903
Roth WR, Scholz BP (1981) Das Energieprofil des o-Chinodimethan ⇄ Benzocyclobuten-Gleichgewichtes, II. Chem Ber 114:3741–3750
Kametani T, Honda T, Ebisawa Y, Ichikawa H (1985) An Mo theoretical study on the reaction of benzocyclobutene with ethylene. Concerted vs stepwise. Tetrahedron 41:3643–3653
Chou CH, Trahanovsky WS (1986) The [4 + 4] dimerization of 2,3-dimethylene-2,3-dihydrofuran: secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effect evidence for a two-step mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 108:4138–4144
Trahanovsky WS, Macias JR (1986) Direct observation of o-xylylene (o-quinodimethane) in solution. Dimerization kinetics of some o-quinodimethanes. J Am Chem Soc 108:6820–6821
Migirdicyan E, Baudet J (1975) Electron spectra of o- and m-xylylenes and their methylated derivatives. experimental and theoretical study. J Am Chem Soc 97:7400–7404
McCullough JJ (1980) o-Xylylenes and isoindenes as reaction intermediates. Acc Chem Res 13:270–276
Davidson ER, Borden WT (1977) Some aspects of the potential surface for singlet trimethylenemethane. J Am Chem Soc 99:2053–2060
Borden WT (1982) Diradicals. Wiley, New York
Schlenk W, Brauns M (1915) Zur Frage der Metachinoide. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 48:661–669
Neuhaus P, Grote D, Sander W (2008) Matrix isolation, spectroscopic characterization, and photoisomerization of m-xylylene. J Am Chem Soc 130:2993–3000
Wright BB, Platz MS (1983) Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of the triplet state of m-xylylene. J Am Chem Soc 105:628–630
Wenthold PG, Kim JB, Lineberger WC (1997) Photoelectron spectroscopy of m-xylylene anion. J Am Chem Soc 119:1354–1359
Zhang G, Li S, Jiang Y (2003) Effects of substitution on the singlet–triplet energy splittings and ground-state multiplicities of m-phenylene-based diradicals: a density functional theory study. J Phys Chem A 107:5573–5582
Wang T, Krylov AI (2005) The effect of substituents on electronic states’ ordering in meta-xylylene diradicals: qualitative insights from quantitative studies. J Chem Phys 123:104304
Wang T, Krylov AI (2006) Electronic structure of the two dehydro-meta-xylylene triradicals and their derivatives. Chem Phys Lett 425:196–200
Goodman JL, Berson JA (1984) Formation and intermolecular capture of m-quinodimethane. J Am Chem Soc 106:1867–1868
Goodman JL, Berson JA (1985) m-Quinodimethane, parent hydrocarbon of the m-quinonoid non-kekule series. low-temperature isolation and solution-phase chemical reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 107:5409–5424
Berson JA (1988) meta-Quinonoid Compounds. In: Patai S, Rappoport Z (eds) The chemistry of the quinonoid compounds. Wiley, New York, pp 455–536
Müller E, Müller-Rodloff I (1935) Magnetochemische Untersuchungen organischer Stoffe. 1. Mitteilung. Zur Frage der Existenz von Biradikalen. Justus Liebig’s Ann der Chemie 517:134–151
Schwab G-M, Agliardi N (1940) Einwirkung von organischen Radikalen auf p-Wasserstoff. II. Mitteil.: zur Frage nach der Natur der Biradikale. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges (A B Series) 73:95–98
Jarrett HS, Sloan GJ, Vaughan WR (1956) Paramagnetic resonance absorption in some organic biradicals. J Chem Phys 25:697
Sloan GJ, Vaughan WR (1957) Stable organic biradicals. J Org Chem 22:750–761
Müller E, Rieker A, Scheffler K, Moosmayer A (1966) Applications and limitations of magnetic methods in free-radical chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 5:6–15
Cavalieridoro P, Mangini A, Pedulli GF, Spagnolo P, Tiecco M (1970) On the nature of the radical formed from tetraphenyl-p-xylene dichloride and zinc dust. Mol Phys 18:861–863
Hutchison CA, Kowalsky A, Pastor RC, Wheland GW (1952) A note on the detection of free radicals by means of paramagnetic resonance absorption biradicals. J Chem Phys 20:1485
Reitz DC, Weissman SI (1960) Spin exchange in biradicals. J Chem Phys 33:700
McConnell HM (1960) The biradical paradox. J Chem Phys 33:1868
Waring RK, Sloan GJ (1964) Association in biradical solutions. J Chem Phys 40:772
Brauer H-D, Stieger H, Hyde JS, Kispert LD, Luckhurst GR (1969) ENDOR of biradicals. Mol Phys 17:457–471
Montgomery LK, Huffman JC, Jurczak EA, Grendze MP (1986) The molecular structures of Thiele’s and Chichibabin’s hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 108:6004–6011
Cava MP, Schlessinger RH (1963) Reactive o-quinonoid aromatic hydrocarbons of the pleiadene Series. J Am Chem Soc 85:835–836
Cava MP, Schlessinger RH (1965) Pleiadene systems—IV. Tetrahedron 21:3073–3081
Kolc J, Michl J (1970) Photochemical synthesis of matrix-isolated pleiadene. J Am Chem Soc 92:4147–4148
Downing J, Dvořák V, Kolc J, Manzara A, Michl J (1972) Direct observation of a doubly excited state of pleiadene. Chem Phys Lett 17:70–73
Kolc J, Michl J (1973) π, π-Biradicaloid hydrocarbons. Pleiadene family. I. Photochemical preparation from cyclobutene precursors. J Am Chem Soc 95:7391–7401
Müller E, Pfanz H (1941) Über biradikaloide Terphenylderivate. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges (A B Series) 74:1051–1074
Schmidt R, Brauer H-D (1971) The energetic positions of the lowest singlet and triplet state of the Schlenk and of the Müller hydrocarbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 10:506–507
Zeng Z, Sung YM, Bao N, Tan D, Lee R, Zafra JL, Lee BS, Ishida M, Ding J, Navarrete JTL, Li Y, Zeng W, Kim D, Huang KW, Webster RD, Casado J, Wu J (2012) Stable tetrabenzo-Chichibabin’s hydrocarbons: tunable ground state and unusual transition between their closed-shell and open-shell resonance forms. J Am Chem Soc 134:14513–14525
Lim Z, Zheng B, Huang K-W, Liu Y, Wu J (2015) Quinoidal oligo(9,10-anthryl)s with chain-length-dependent ground states: a balance between aromatic stabilization and steric strain release. Chem Eur J 21:18724–18729
West R, Jorgenson JA, Stearley KL, Calabrese JC (1991) Synthesis, structure and semiconductivity of a p-terphenoquinone. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1991:1234
Rebmann A, Zhou J, Schuler P, Stegmann HB, Rieker A (1996) Synthesis, EPR spectroscopy and voltammetry of a p-quaterphenyl biradical/quinone. J Chem Res Synop 7:318–319
Rebmann A, Zhou J, Schuler P, Stegmann HB, Rieker A (1996) Synthesis, EPR, spectroscopy and voltammetry of a p-quaterphenyl biradical/quinone. J Chem Res Miniprint 7:1765–1783
Zhou J, Rieker A (1997) Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of a series of tert-butyl-substituted para-extended quinones. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:931–938
Canesi EV, Fazzi D, Colella L, Bertarelli C, Castiglioni C (2012) Tuning the quinoid versus biradicaloid character of thiophene-based heteroquaterphenoquinones by means of functional groups. J Am Chem Soc 134:19070–19083
Zhang K, Huang K, Li J, Luo J, Chi C, Wu J (2009) A soluble and stable quinoidal bisanthene with NIR absorption and amphoteric redox behavior. Org Lett 11:4854–4857
Ueda A, Nishida S, Fukui K, Ise T, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Nakasuji K, Morita Y (2010) Three-dimensional intramolecular exchange interaction in a curved and nonalternant π-conjugated system: corannulene with two phenoxyl radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:1678–1682
Schmidt D, Son M, Lim JM, Lin M-J, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Kim D, Würthner F (2015) Perylene bisimide radicals and biradicals: synthesis and molecular properties. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:13980–13984
Takahashi T, Matsuoka K, Takimiya K, Otsubo T, Aso Y (2005) Extensive quinoidal oligothiophenes with dicyanomethylene groups at terminal positions as highly amphoteric redox molecules. J Am Chem Soc 127:8928–8929
Ponce Ortiz R, Casado J, Hernández V, López Navarrete JT, Viruela PM, Ortí E, Takimiya K, Otsubo T (2007) On the biradicaloid nature of long quinoidal oligothiophenes: experimental evidence guided by theoretical studies. Angew Chem Int Ed 46:9057–9061
Zeng Z, Ishida M, Zafra JL, Zhu X, Sung YM, Bao N, Webster RD, Lee BS, Li R-W, Zeng W, Li Y, Chi C, Navarrete JTL, Ding J, Casado J, Kim D, Wu J (2013) Pushing extended p-quinodimethanes to the limit: stable tetracyano-oligo(N-annulated perylene)quinodimethanes with tunable ground states. J Am Chem Soc 135:6363–6371
Zeng Z, Lee S, Son M, Fukuda K, Burrezo PM, Zhu X, Qi Q, Li R-W, Navarrete JTL, Ding J, Casado J, Nakano M, Kim D, Wu J (2015) Push-Pull type oligo(N-annulated perylene)quinodimethanes: chain length and solvent-dependent ground states and physical properties. J Am Chem Soc 137:8572–8583
Zeng Z, Lee S, Zafra JL, Ishida M, Zhu X, Sun Z, Ni Y, Webster RD, Li R-W, López Navarrete JT, Chi C, Ding J, Casado J, Kim D, Wu J (2013) Tetracyanoquaterrylene and tetracyanohexarylenequinodimethanes with tunable ground states and strong near-infrared absorption. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:8561–8565
Zhu X, Tsuji H, Nakabayashi K, Ohkoshi S, Nakamura E (2011) Air- and heat-stable planar tri-p-quinodimethane with distinct biradical characteristics. J Am Chem Soc 133:16342–16345
Quinkert G, Wiersdorff W-W, Finke M, Opitz K, van de Haar F-G (1968) Lichtinduzierte Reaktionen, V. Darstellung und elektrocyclische Isomerisierungen des Tetraphenyl-o-chinodimethans. Chem Ber 101:2302–2325
Iwashita S, Ohta E, Higuchi H, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Ono K, Takenaka M, Suzuki T (2004) First stable 7,7,8,8-tetraaryl-o-quinodimethane: isolation, X-ray structure, electrochromic response of 9,10-bis(dianisylmethylene)-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. Chem Commun 2076
Suzuki T, Sakano Y, Iwai T, Iwashita S, Miura Y, Katoono R, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Tsuji Y, Fukushima T (2013) 7,7,8,8-Tetraaryl-o-quinodimethane stabilized by dibenzo annulation: a helical π-electron system that exhibits electrochromic and unique chiroptical properties. Chem Eur J 19:117–123
Ghereg D, El Kettani SE-C, Lazraq M, Ranaivonjatovo H, Schoeller WW, Escudié J, Gornitzka H (2009) An isolable o-quinodimethane and its fixation of molecular oxygen to give an endoperoxide. Chem Commun 5:4821
Shimizu A, Tobe Y (2011) Indeno[2,1-a]fluorene: an air-stable ortho-quinodimethane derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:6906–6910
Sato C, Suzuki S, Kozaki M, Okada K (2016) 2,11-Dibromo-13,14-dimesityl-5,8-dioxapentaphene: a stable and twisted polycyclic system containing the o-quinodimethane skeleton. Org Lett 18:1052–1055
Banerjee M, Lindeman SV, Rathore R (2007) Structural characterization of quaterphenyl cation radical: X-ray crystallographic evidence of quinoidal charge delocalization in poly-p-phenylene cation radicals. J Am Chem Soc 129:8070–8071
Banerjee M, Shukla R, Rathore R (2009) Synthesis, optical, and electronic properties of soluble poly-p-phenylene oligomers as models for molecular wires. J Am Chem Soc 131:1780–1786
Kayahara E, Kouyama T, Kato T, Yamago S (2016) Synthesis and characterization of [n]CPP (n = 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12) radical cation and dications: size-dependent absorption, spin, and charge delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 138:338–344
Kayahara E, Kouyama T, Kato T, Takaya H, Yasuda N, Yamago S (2013) Isolation and characterization of the cycloparaphenylene radical cation and dication. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:13722–13726
Toriumi N, Muranaka A, Kayahara E, Yamago S, Uchiyama M (2015) In-plane aromaticity in cycloparaphenylene dications: a magnetic circular dichroism and theoretical study. J Am Chem Soc 137:82–85
Kothe G, Denkel K, Sümmermann W (1970) Schlenk’s biradical—a molecule in the triplet ground state. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 9:906–907
Rajca A, Utamapanya S, Xu J (1991) Control of magnetic interactions in polyarylmethyl triplet diradicals using steric hindrance. J Am Chem Soc 113:9235–9241
Rajca A, Utamapanya S (1992) π-Conjugated systems with unique electronic structure: a case of “planarized” 1,3-connected polyarylmethyl carbodianion and stable triplet hydrocarbon diradical. J Org Chem 57:1760–1767
Rajca A (1990) A polyarylmethyl quintet tetraradical. J Am Chem Soc 112:5890–5892
Rajca A (1990) A polyarylmethyl carbotetraanion. J Am Chem Soc 112:5889–5890
Utamapanya S, Rajca A (1991) Topological control of electron localization in π-conjugated polyarylmethyl carbopolyanions and radical anions. J Am Chem Soc 113:9242–9251
Rajca A, Utamapanya S, Thayumanavan S (1992) Poly(arylmethyl) Octet (S = 7/2) heptaradical and undecet (s = 5) decaradical. J Am Chem Soc 114:1884–1885
Rajca A, Utamapanya S (1993) Poly(arylmethyl) quartet triradicals and quintet tetraradicals. J Am Chem Soc 115:2396–2401
Latif IA, Hansda S, Datta SN (2012) High magnetic exchange coupling constants: a density functional theory based study of substituted Schlenk diradicals. J Phys Chem A 116:8599–8607
Clar E (1972) Aromatic sextet. Wiley, London
Ovchinnikov AA (1978) Multiplicity of the ground state of large alternant organic molecules with conjugated bonds—(Do Organic Ferromagnetics Exist?). Theor Chim Acta 47:297–304
Borden WT, Davidson ER (1977) Effects of electron repulsion in conjugated hydrocarbon diradicals. J Am Chem Soc 99:4587–4594
Morita Y, Suzuki S, Sato K, Takui T (2011) Synthetic organic spin chemistry for structurally well-defined open-shell graphene fragments. Nat Chem 3:197–204
Inoue J, Fukui K, Kubo T, Nakazawa S, Sato K, Shiomi D, Morita Y, Yamamoto K, Takui T, Nakasuji K (2001) The first detection of a Clar’s hydrocarbon, 2,6,10-tri-tert-butyltriangulene: a ground-state triplet of non-Kekulé polynuclear benzenoid hydrocarbon. J Am Chem Soc 123:12702–12703
Li Y, Huang K-W, Sun Z, Webster RD, Zeng Z, Zeng W, Chi C, Furukawa K, Wu J (2014) A kinetically blocked 1,14:11,12-dibenzopentacene: a persistent triplet diradical of a non-Kekulé polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbon. Chem Sci 5:1908
Clar E (1964) Polycyclic hydrocarbons: v.1, and v.2. Academic Press Inc., London
Bendikov M, Duong HM, Starkey K, Houk KN, Carter EA, Wudl F (2004) Oligoacenes: theoretical prediction of open-shell singlet diradical ground states. J Am Chem Soc 126:7416–7417
Mondai R, Shah BK, Neckers DC (2006) Photogeneration of heptacene in a polymer matrix. J Am Chem Soc 128:9612–9613
Tönshoff C, Bettinger HF (2010) Photogeneration of octacene and nonacene. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:4125–4128
Einholz R, Fang T, Berger R, Grüninger P, Früh A, Chassé T, Fink RF, Bettinger HF (2017) Heptacene: characterization in solution, in the solid state, and in films. J Am Chem Soc 139:4435–4442
Payne MM, Parkin SR, Anthony JE (2005) Functionalized higher acenes: hexacene and heptacene. J Am Chem Soc 127:8028–8029
Purushothaman B, Bruzek M, Parkin SR, Miller A-F, Anthony JE (2011) Synthesis and structural characterization of crystalline nonacenes. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:7013–7017
Pavliček N, Mistry A, Majzik Z, Moll N, Meyer G, Fox DJ, Gross L (2017) Synthesis and characterization of triangulene. Nat Nanotechnol 12:308–311
Zugermeier M, Gruber M, Schmid M, Klein BP, Ruppenthal L, Müller P, Einholz R, Hieringer W, Berndt R, Bettinger HF, Gottfried JM (2017) On-surface synthesis of heptacene and its interaction with a metal surface. Nanoscale. doi:10.1039/C7NR04157H
Urgel JI, Hayashi H, Di Giovannantonio M, Pignedoli CA, Mishra S, Deniz O, Yamashita M, Dienel T, Ruffieux P, Yamada H, Fasel R (2017) On-surface synthesis of heptacene organometallic complexes. J Am Chem Soc. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b05192
Zuzak R, Dorel R, Krawiec M, Such B, Kolmer M, Szymonski M, Echavarren AM, Godlewski S (2017) Nonacene generated by on-surface dehydrogenation. ACS Nano. doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b04728
Krüger J, García F, Eisenhut F, Skidin D, Alonso JM, Guitián E, Pérez D, Cuniberti G, Moresco F, Peña D (2017) Decacene: on-surface generation. Angew Chem Int Ed. doi:10.1002/anie.201706156
Jiang D, Sumpter BG, Dai S (2007) First principles study of magnetism in nanographenes. J Chem Phys 127:124703
Hod O, Barone V, Scuseria GE (2008) Half-metallic graphene nanodots: a comprehensive first-principles theoretical study. Phys Rev B 77:1–6
Moscardó F, San-Fabián E (2009) On the existence of a spin-polarized state in the n-periacene molecules. Chem Phys Lett 480:26–30
Jiang DE, Dai S (2008) Circumacenes versus periacenes: HOMO–LUMO gap and transition from nonmagnetic to magnetic ground state with size. Chem Phys Lett 466:72–75
Plasser F, Pašalić H, Gerzabek MH, Libisch F, Reiter R, Burgdörfer J, Müller T, Shepard R, Lischka H (2013) The multiradical character of one- and two-dimensional graphene nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:2581–2584
Yamaguchi K (1990) Self-Consistent Field: Theory and Applications. In: Carbo R, Klobukowski M (eds) Instability chemical bonding. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 727–823
Yamanaka S, Okumura M, Nakano M, Yamaguchi K (1994) EHF theory of chemical reactions Part 4. UNO CASSCF, UNO CASPT2 and R(U)HF coupled-cluster (CC) wavefunctions. J Mol Struct (Theochem) 310:205–218
Yamaguchi K, Kawakami T, Takano Y, Kitagawa Y, Yamashita Y, Fujita H (2002) Analytical and ab initio studies of effective exchange interactions, polyradical character, unpaired electron density, and information entropy in radical clusters (R) N : allyl radical cluster (N = 2–10) and hydrogen radical cluster (N = 50). Int J Quantum Chem 90:370–385
Shimizu A, Hirao Y, Kubo T, Nakano M, Botek E, Champagne B (2012) Theoretical consideration of singlet open-shell character of polyperiacenes using Clar’s aromatic sextet valence bond model and quantum chemical calculations. In: AIP conference proceedings American Institute of Physics, p 399–405
Glukhovtsev MN, Bach RD, Laiter S (1997) Isodesmic and homodesmotic stabilization energies of [n]annulenes and their relevance to aromaticity and antiaromaticity: is absolute antiaromaticity possible? J Mol Struct (Theochem) 417:123–129
Slayden SW, Liebman JF (2001) The energetics of aromatic hydrocarbons: an experimental thermochemical perspective. Chem Rev 101:1541–1566
Douglas J (1955) Kinetics of the thermal Cis-Trans isomerization of dideuteroethylene. J Chem Phys 23:315
Roberson LB, Kowalik J, Tolbert LM, Kloc C, Zeis R, Chi X, Fleming R, Wilkins C (2005) Pentacene disproportionation during sublimation for field-effect transistors. J Am Chem Soc 127:3069–3075
Rogers C, Chen C, Pedramrazi Z, Omrani AA, Tsai H, Jung HS, Lin S, Crommie MF, Fischer FR (2015) Closing the nanographene gap: surface-assisted synthesis of peripentacene from 6,6′-bipentacene precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:15143–15146
Zhang X, Li J, Qu H, Chi C, Wu J (2010) Fused bispentacenequinone and its unexpected michael addition. Org Lett 12:3946–3949
Matsumoto A, Suzuki M, Kuzuhara D, Hayashi H, Aratani N, Yamada H (2015) Tetrabenzoperipentacene: stable five-electron donating ability and a discrete triple-layered β-graphite form in the solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:8175–8178
Dorel R, Manzano C, Grisolia M, Soe W-H, Joachim C, Echavarren AM (2015) Tetrabenzocircumpyrene: a nanographene fragment with an embedded peripentacene core. Chem Commun 51:6932–6935
Zöphel L, Berger R, Gao P, Enkelmann V, Baumgarten M, Wagner M, Müllen K (2013) Toward the peri-pentacene framework. Chem Eur J 19:17821–17826
Liu J, Ravat P, Wagner M, Baumgarten M, Feng X, Müllen K (2015) Tetrabenzo[a, f, j, o]perylene: a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with an open-shell singlet biradical ground state. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:12442–12446
Scholl R, Meyer K (1934) Der blaue aromatische Grundkohlenwasserstoff des meso-Naphtho-dianthrons und seine Überführung durch Maleinsäure-anhydrid in Anthro-dianthren. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges (A B Series) 67:1236–1238
Li J, Zhang K, Zhang X, Huang KW, Chi C, Wu J (2010) meso-Substituted bisanthenes as soluble and stable near-infrared dyes. J Org Chem 75:856–863
Fort EH, Donovan PM, Scott LT (2009) Diels–Alder reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bay regions: implications for metal-free growth of single-chirality carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 131:16006–16007
Hirao Y, Konishi A, Matsumoto K, Kurata H, Kubo T, Simos TE, Maroulis G (2012) Synthesis and electronic structure of bisanthene: a small molecular-sized graphene with zigzag edges. In: AIP conference proceedings American Institute of Physics, pp. 863–866
Konishi A, Hirao Y, Nakano M, Shimizu A, Botek E, Champagne B, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Matsumoto K, Kurata H, Kubo T (2010) Synthesis and characterization of teranthene: a singlet biradical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon having Kekulé structures. J Am Chem Soc 132:11021–11023
Kruszewski J, Krygowski TM (1972) Definition of aromaticity basing on the harmonic oscillator model. Tetrahedron Lett 13:3839–3842
Krygowski TM (1993) Crystallographic studies of inter- and intramolecular interactions reflected in aromatic character of π-electron systems. J Chem Inf Model 33:70–78
Angeli C, Pastore M, Cimiraglia R (2007) New perspectives in multireference perturbation theory: the n-electron valence state approach. Theor Chem Acc 117:743–754
Di Motta S, Negri F, Fazzi D, Castiglioni C, Canesi EV (2010) Biradicaloid and polyenic character of quinoidal oligothiophenes revealed by the presence of a low-lying double-exciton state. J Phys Chem Lett 1:3334–3339
Konishi A, Hirao Y, Matsumoto K, Kurata H, Kishi R, Shigeta Y, Nakano M, Tokunaga K, Kamada K, Kubo T (2013) Synthesis and characterization of quarteranthene: elucidating the characteristics of the edge state of graphene nanoribbons at the molecular level. J Am Chem Soc 135:1430–1437
Pan M, Girão EC, Jia X, Bhaviripudi S, Li Q, Kong J, Meunier V, Dresselhaus MS (2012) Topographic and spectroscopic characterization of electronic edge states in CVD grown graphene nanoribbons. Nano Lett 12:1928–1933
Tao C, Jiao L, Yazyev OV, Chen Y-C, Feng J, Zhang X, Capaz RB, Tour JM, Zettl A, Louie SG, Dai H, Crommie MF (2011) Spatially resolving edge states of chiral graphene nanoribbons. Nat Phys 7:616–620
Hou Z, Wang X, Ikeda T, Huang S-F, Terakura K, Boero M, Oshima M, Kakimoto M, Miyata S (2011) Effect of hydrogen termination on carbon K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of nanographene. J Phys Chem C 115:5392–5403
Suenaga K, Koshino M (2010) Atom-by-atom spectroscopy at graphene edge. Nature 468:1088–1090
Joly VLJ, Kiguchi M, Hao S-J, Takai K, Enoki T, Sumii R, Amemiya K, Muramatsu H, Hayashi T, Kim YA, Endo M, Campos-Delgado J, López-Urías F, Botello-Méndez A, Terrones H, Terrones M, Dresselhaus MS (2010) Observation of magnetic edge state in graphene nanoribbons. Phys Rev B 81:245428
Sugawara K, Sato T, Souma S, Takahashi T, Suematsu H (2006) Fermi surface and edge-localized states in graphite studied by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 73:45124
Kobayashi Y, Fukui K, Enoki T, Kusakabe K (2006) Edge state on hydrogen-terminated graphite edges investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys Rev B 73:125415
Niimi Y, Matsui T, Kambara H, Tagami K, Tsukada M, Fukuyama H (2005) Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy studies of graphite edges. Appl Surf Sci 241:43–48
Kobayashi Y, Fukui K, Enoki T, Kusakabe K, Kaburagi Y (2005) Observation of zigzag and armchair edges of graphite using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 71:193406
Nakada K, Fujita M, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (1996) Edge state in graphene ribbons: nanometer size effect and edge shape dependence. Phys Rev B 54:17954–17961
Fujita M, Wakabayashi K, Nakada K, Kusakabe K (1996) Peculiar localized state at zigzag graphite edge. J Phys Soc Jpn 65:1920–1923
Tanaka K, Yamashita S, Yamabe H, Yamabe T (1987) Electronic properties of one-dimensional graphite family. Synth Met 17:143–148
Cai J, Ruffieux P, Jaafar R, Bieri M, Braun T, Blankenburg S, Muoth M, Seitsonen AP, Saleh M, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R (2010) Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons. Nature 466:470–473
Bieri M, Treier M, Cai J, Aït-Mansour K, Ruffieux P, Gröning O, Gröning P, Kastler M, Rieger R, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R (2009) Porous graphenes: two-dimensional polymer synthesis with atomic precision. Chem Commun 6919
Bieri M, Nguyen M-T, Gröning O, Cai J, Treier M, Aït-Mansour K, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli CA, Passerone D, Kastler M, Müllen K, Fasel R (2010) Two-dimensional polymer formation on surfaces: insight into the roles of precursor mobility and reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 132:16669–16676
Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K (2015) Bottom-up synthesis of chemically precise graphene nanoribbons. Chem Rec 15:295–309
Talirz L, Söde H, Cai J, Ruffieux P, Blankenburg S, Jafaar R, Berger R, Feng X, Müllen K, Passerone D, Fasel R, Pignedoli CA (2013) Termini of bottom-up fabricated graphene nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 135:2060–2063
Wang S, Talirz L, Pignedoli CA, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R, Ruffieux P (2016) Giant edge state splitting at atomically precise graphene zigzag edges. Nat Commun 7:11507
Ruffieux P, Wang S, Yang B, Sánchez-Sánchez C, Liu J, Dienel T, Talirz L, Shinde P, Pignedoli CA, Passerone D, Dumslaff T, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R (2016) On-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons with zigzag edge topology. Nature 531:489–492
Hu P, Wu J (2017) Modern zethrene chemistry. Can J Chem 95:223–233
Sun Z, Zeng Z, Wu J (2014) Zethrenes, extended p-quinodimethanes, and periacenes with a singlet biradical ground state. Acc Chem Res 47:2582–2591
Nakano M, Kishi R, Takebe A, Nate M, Takahashi H, Kubo T, Kamada K, Ohta K, Champagne B, Botek E (2007) Second hyperpolarizability of zethrenes. Comput Lett 3:333–338
Minami T, Nakano M (2012) Diradical character view of singlet fission. J Phys Chem Lett 3:145–150
Clar E, Lang KF, Schulz-Kiesow H (1955) Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, LXX. Mitteil. 1): zethren (1.12; 6.7-dibenztetracen). Chem Ber 88:1520–1527
Wu T-C, Chen C-H, Hibi D, Shimizu A, Tobe Y, Wu Y-T (2010) Synthesis, structure, and photophysical properties of dibenzo[de, mn]naphthacenes. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:7059–7062
Umeda R, Hibi D, Miki K, Tobe Y (2009) Tetradehydrodinaphtho[10]annulene: a hitherto unknown dehydroannulene and a viable precursor to stable zethrene derivatives. Org Lett 11:4104–4106
Clar E, Macpherson IA (1962) The significance of Kekulé structures for the stability of aromatic systems—II. Tetrahedron 18:1411–1416
Li Y, Heng W-K, Lee BS, Aratani N, Zafra JL, Bao N, Lee R, Sung YM, Sun Z, Huang K-W, Webster RD, López Navarrete JT, Kim D, Osuka A, Casado J, Ding J, Wu J (2012) Kinetically blocked stable heptazethrene and octazethrene: closed-shell or open-shell in the ground state? J Am Chem Soc 134:14913–14922
Sun Z, Huang K-W, Wu J (2011) Soluble and stable heptazethrenebis(dicarboximide) with a singlet open-shell ground state. J Am Chem Soc 133:11896–11899
Huang R, Phan H, Herng TS, Hu P, Zeng W, Dong S, Das S, Shen Y, Ding J, Casanova D, Wu J (2016) Higher-order π-conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons with open-shell singlet ground state: nonazethrene versus nonacene. J Am Chem Soc 138:10323–10330
Sun Z, Lee S, Park KH, Zhu X, Zhang W, Zheng B, Hu P, Zeng Z, Das S, Li Y, Chi C, Li R-W, Huang K-W, Ding J, Kim D, Wu J (2013) Dibenzoheptazethrene isomers with different biradical characters: an exercise of Clar’s aromatic sextet rule in singlet biradicaloids. J Am Chem Soc 135:18229–18236
Yadav P, Das S, Phan H, Herng TS, Ding J, Wu J (2016) Kinetically blocked stable 5,6:12,13-dibenzozethrene: a laterally π-extended zethrene with enhanced diradical character. Org Lett 18:2886–2889
Sun Z, Zheng B, Hu P, Huang K-W, Wu J (2014) Highly twisted 1,2:8,9-dibenzozethrenes: synthesis, ground state, and physical properties. ChemPlusChem 79:1549–1553
Zeng W, Sun Z, Herng TS, Gonçalves TP, Gopalakrishna TY, Huang K-W, Ding J, Wu J (2016) Super-heptazethrene. Angew Chem Int Ed 55:8615–8619
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection “Physical Organic Chemistry of Quinodimethanes”; edited by Yoshito Tobe, Takashi Kubo.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Konishi, A., Kubo, T. Benzenoid Quinodimethanes. Top Curr Chem (Z) 375, 83 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-017-0171-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-017-0171-2