Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Selective Recovery of Vanadium by Oxy-carbochlorination of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag: Experimental Study

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vanadium is considered as a critical raw metal in EU whose industry consumes about 13% of the global vanadium production. This metal is mainly used for production of high strength and special steels, and advanced alloys for aerospace application. The vanadium raw material supply is today predominated by China, South Africa, and Russia. This work deals with the development of a chlorination process for vanadium extraction. In order to optimize the selective recovery of vanadium, various parameters (temperature, chlorine partial pressure, carbon content) were investigated. Two approaches for the selective recovery of vanadium are presented in this paper: the first approach consists of selective chlorination and vaporization of vanadium-chlorinated species, which can be then collected in condensates, while the second approach consists in the selective chlorination of vanadium contained in slag in a temperature range avoiding vaporization of vanadium-chlorinated species. Results show that under specific operating conditions, more than 95% of the vanadium content of the slag is recovered. Such specific conditions involve heat-treatment at 900 °C during 90 min of a slag/carbon mixture including less than 20% of carbon under air/chlorine atmosphere at a 0.45 partial pressure value. These promising results highlight the potential of the oxy-carbochlorination treatment for the selective recovery of vanadium from basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slags.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. TNG Company Indian minerals yearbook Vanadium, 2017. TNG Company. https://ibm.gov.in/index.php?c=pages&m=index&id=1008

  2. Yu VK, Chen D (2014) Peak power prediction of a vanadium redox flow battery. J Power Sources 26S8:261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Orbis (2018) Global vanadium redox flow battery market: 2018–2025 key industry insights, segments, opportunities, and forecasts, report

  4. Tossavainen M, Engstrom F, Yang Q, Menad N, Lidstrom Larsson M, Bjorkman B (2007) Characteristics of steel slag under different cooling conditions. Waste Manag 27:1335–1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.08.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Menad N, Kanari N, Save M (2014) Recovery of high grade iron compounds from LD slag by enhanced magnetic separation techniques. Int J Miner Process 126:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2013.11.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Algemissen D (2018) Oral presentation to the 13th global slag conference, exhibition and awards 2018, 24–25 April 2018 Prague, Czech Republic. https://www.globalslag.com/about-us/24-global-slag/conferences/672-global-slag-2018-review

  7. Ye G, Lindvall M, Pitkäjärvi J, Heinanen K, Bru B, Menad N, Ménard Y, Muller S, Seron Pussinen KA, Neitola R, Heino N, Kousa A,Räisänen M-L (2017) EXTRAVAN Final report innovative extraction and management of vanadium from high vanadium iron concentrate and steel slags. EXTRAVAN-final technical report

  8. Motz H, Geiseler J (2001) Products of steel slags an opportunity to save natural resources. Waste Manag 21:285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00102-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Radosavljevic S, Milic D, Gavrilovski M (1996) Mineral processing of converter slag and its use in iron ore sintering, magnetic and electrical separation. Magn Electr Sep 7:201–211. https://doi.org/10.1155/1996/31471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Karamanova E, Avdeev G, Karamanov A (2011) Ceramics from blast furnace slag, kaolin and quartz. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:989–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.01.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jain M (2014) Use and properties of blast furnace slag as a building material—a review. iJES 4:51–60. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v2i4.4211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Annunziata BT, Pistocchi C, Colla V, Ragaglini G, Amato A, Tozzini C, Mudersbach D, Morillon A, Rex M, Romaniello L (2014) Investigation of (BOF) converter slag use for agriculture in Europe. Metall Res Technol 111:155–167. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2014022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Maghchiche A, Naseri R, Haouam A (2012) Uses of blast furnace slag as complex fertilizer. J Chem Chem Eng 6:853–859

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Li XS, Xie B, Wang G, Li XJ (2011) Oxidation process of low-grade vanadium slag in presence of Na2CO3. Trans Nonferr Met Soc China 21:1860–1867. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)60942-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Song WC, Li H, Zhu FX, Li K, Zheng Q (2014) Extraction of vanadium from molten vanadium bearing slag by oxidation with pure oxygen in the presence of CaO. Trans Nonferr Met Soc China 24:2687–2694. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63399-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ye G, Kärsrud K, Lindvall M (2011) Overview of the VILF-project, vanadium recovery from BOF-slag, a long term slag project for the Swedish steel industry. In: Fray international symposium, 4–7 December 2011, Mexico

  17. Lindvall M, Tikka J, Berg M, Ye G, Sichen D (2017) Vanadium extraction from a Fe–V (2.0 mass%)–P (0.1 mass%) melt and investigation of the phase relations in the formed FeO–SiO2-based slag with 20 mass% V. J Sustain Metall 3:808–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-017-0147-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Lindvall M (2017) A study on vanadium extraction from Fe–V–P melts derived from primary and secondary sources. Doctoral Thesis, KTH, Sweden

  19. Cui F, Mu W, Wang S, Xin H, Luo S (2018) Synchronous extractions of nickel, copper, and cobalt by selective chlorinating roasting and water leaching to low-grade nickel–copper matte. Sep Purif Technol 195:149–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fan C, Zhai X, Fu Y, Chang Y, Zhang T (2012) Leaching behaviour of metals from chlorinated limonitic nickel laterite. Int J Miner Process 110–111:117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2012.04.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Li J, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z (2016) Chlorination roasting of laterite using salts chloride. Int J Miner Process 148:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.01.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brocchi EA, Moura FJ (2008) Chlorination methods applied to recover refractory metals from tin slags. Miner Eng 21:150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2007.08.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gaballah I, Allain E (1994) Recycling of strategic metals from industrial slag by a hydro-and pyrometallurgical process. Resourc Conserv Recycl 10:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(94)90040-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Manukyan NV, Martirosyan VH (2003) Investigation of the chlorination mechanism of metal oxides by chlorine. J Mater Process Technol 142:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00595-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kanari N, Mishra D, Filippov L, Allain E (2010) Kinetics of hematite chlorination with Cl2 and Cl2 + O2. Part II. Chlorination with Cl2 + O2. Thermochim Acta 506(s 1–2):34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.08.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lindstad T, Syvertsen M, Ishak RJ, Arntzen HB, Grøntvedt PO (2004) Proceedings: tenth international ferroalloys congress, 1–4 February 2004. Cape Town, South Africa

  27. Macdonald F (2010) Handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the ERA-NET Program from ERAMIN on the Industrial Handling of Raw Materials for European industries and supported by the European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme and the ADEME French Agency for funding. Special thanks to EXTRAVAN consortium members.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. BRGM, 3 avenue C Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, France

    A. Seron, N. Menad, P. Galle-Cavalloni & K. Bru

Authors
  1. A. Seron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. Menad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Galle-Cavalloni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Bru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Seron.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

The contributing editor for this article was Yongxiang Yang.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Seron, A., Menad, N., Galle-Cavalloni, P. et al. Selective Recovery of Vanadium by Oxy-carbochlorination of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag: Experimental Study. J. Sustain. Metall. 6, 478–490 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00288-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00288-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation