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A Primacy of Privileges? Urban Constitutionalism, the Rule of Law and Late Medieval Bruges

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Abstract

This article explores the possibilities and limits of urban constitutionalism and its relation to the rule of law for fifteenth century Bruges. Late medieval Bruges was a city of great prominence where several important trade flows came together. Providing adequate justice was a top priority for the aldermen. Scholars have traditionally stressed the importance of privileges in providing this security. Privileges granted a theoretical protection but also entailed other deviations from the general rule. The grant of privileges lay the foundation of an unequal treatment of merchants. This article argues that, though these privileges were essential in protecting merchants, the aldermen of Bruges did not grant far-reaching procedural advantages to merchant communities. In doing so, the aldermen of Bruges ensured that certain basic notions, such as access to the aldermen of Bruges, equal opportunities before this court and the prevalence of Flemish law over foreign law, were present. In the city’s belief that proper justice equalled the common good, some embryonic notions of the rule of law become apparent. However, we should not overextend this argument. The city depended on these merchant communities. Therefore, the city was more susceptible to the leverage of the merchant communities, than, for example, the state. Bruges refused demands for procedural advantages for the most part of the fifteenth century, but once the presence of these communities became indispensable, the city had to give in and alter its legal framework.

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Notes

  1. Haggard (2008); Tamanaha 2012, (242–243); Moller and Skaaning (2014).

  2. Most prominently in Sassen (2020), Barber (2013), Glaeser (2011), Katz and Bradley (2013).

  3. Nevertheless, in their capacity as judges, the aldermen of Bruges represented the Count of Flanders on the level of the city. Godding (1995, 193–195).

  4. Stressed by Dumolyn and Lambert (2014), but also more recently Blockmans (2022).

  5. Dumolyn, (2010, 379–380).

  6. Dumolyn, (2008, 17). See the Hanseatic charter stating: “omme voordernesse vander coopmanscepe ende den ghemeene oorboir (…) belooft over ons ende onze naercommers tonder houdene in goeder trauwen de painte ende articlen hier near verclaerst” (for the advancement of trade and the common good (…) we promise to observe the following articles); City Archive Bruges (CAB) 96, Oude Wittenboek, fol. 20 v. – 21 r. or the English (…) pour l’utilité de la chose publique (…); Archives départementales du Nord, série b (ADNB) 519/1389.

  7. See on the common good Dumolyn (2021), Boone and Haemers (2020), Prevenier (2010).

  8. De Boodt (2020, 135–136), De Boodt (2023), Mareel (2018).

  9. Canevaro (2017, 216–217), Tamanaha, (2012, 7).

  10. Møller (2017).

  11. Møller and Skaaning (2013, 136–153); Tamanaha (2012, 24–25), See also Meirhenrich, (2021, 60–62), Baldwin, (2015).

  12. Gelderblom (2013, 10), Greif, Milgrom and Weingast (1994, 754).

  13. Blackmore (2020).

  14. We will refer to the best editions at hand: See for the Hanseatic 1289 privilege: Hansische Urkundenbuch, 295 and 1279; 1307 and 1309 privileges: Hansische Urlundenbuch, vol. II, 52 and 65–69; 1359–60 privileges Hansische Urkundenbuch, vol. III, 199; Cartulaire de l’ancien estaple, 233 and 287; 1392 privileges: Ordonnances de Philippe le Hardi, 485–507; 1438: CAB 96, Cartularium Oude Wittenboek, fol. 20 v. – 24 v.; 1457 Cartulaire de l’ancien estaple, vol. 2, 50–53.

  15. The English 1359 privilege: The book of privileges, 193–209.

  16. Cartulaire de l’ancien estaple, vol I, 235–236; L’inventaire des chartes de Bruges, vol. V, 802; Ordonnances de Philippe le Hardi, 52–54; Ordonnances de Jean sans Peur, 89–90.

  17. During the rebellion of Jacob van Artevelde, the Spanish received privileges who were later confirmed by the Count; Cartulaire de l’ancien consulat d’Espagne, 8–12; Inventaire des Chartes, vol. II, 129–138; Inventaire des Chartes, vol. IV, 496–499.

  18. Portuguese 1411 privilege: Ordonnances, 253–259; the Portuguese 1438 privilege: CAB 96, Oude Wittenboek, fol. 98 v. – 99 r.

  19. 1322: State Archive Venice, Misti Senato, vol. 15, fol. 5 r.; 1406: Ordonnances de Jean Sans Peur, 40–41; the Genoese 1414 are on Ordonnances de Jean Sans Peur, 319–324.

  20. The nation of Viscaya was formally a part of the greater Castilian nation, but split in 1455 from the latter. Although they claimed the old Castilian privileges, Bruges did not respect this interpretation.

  21. Boureau, (2018, 720–723).

  22. Van Caenegem (1976).

  23. Hansische Urkundenbuch, vol. I, 428–429.

  24. Consulat d’Espagne, 8–12.

  25. Ordonnances de Jean sans Peur, 297–298.

  26. (…) omme dat zii vele zaken ghedaen ende gheuseert hebben boven haren previlegien in contrarien van onser heerlicheit ende der vriheit ende rechten van onsen steden ende landen, ende dat zii ons niet houden willen over juge van den ghescille van haren previlegien, daer of zii hebben ghemesusert (…); Hanserecesse, I, vol. 3, n. 320; Kunze, Hansisches Urkundebuch, 253, n. 616.

  27. (…) dat wij wullen keren unde varen unde doen (…) also lange alz man holdet unser privilegien (…); Hanserecesse, I, vol. 3, n. 105.

  28. Ordonnances de Philippe le Hardi, 200–201; The promise of safe-conduct was usually repeated after a war; see for example in 1454; CAB, Political Charters, nr. 1064, CAB 96, Rodenboek, fol. 188v – 189r., and CAB 96, Gheluwenboek, fol. 24 r. – v.

  29. Thielemans (1966).

  30. (…) secundum legem scabinorum et terre (…); ADNB 504/1252–1253; Cordes (2013, 283–290).

  31. Which was also according to Flemish custom, though the possession of these goods was claimed as part of the princely regalia; Sicking and De Klerk (2022, 207–209).

  32. Van Houtte (1982, 96).

  33. Ordonnances de Philippe le Hardi, 470–507.

  34. CAB 216, Jaarrekeningen van Brugge, 1391–1392, fol. 87 r.

  35. ADNB 6084, fol. 4 r. – v.

  36. ARA 1504, CC, comptes en rouleaux. 1377–1378.

  37. Inventaire des Chartes, vol. 3, 227, art. 6; Hanserecesse, vol. II, 1, 325 and 336. Inventaire des Chartes, vol. 3, 225, art. 2.; Hanserecesse, I, vol. 4, n. 39.

  38. Hanserecesse, I, vol. 4, n. 39.

  39. ADN B 6091, Accounts of the water bailiff, fol. 4 r.; ADN B 6095, Accounts of the water bailiff, fol. 3 r.

  40. See Munro (1997, 44–47).

  41. CAB 96, Oude Wittenboek, fol. 18 r.; Cartulaire de l’ancien staple, vol. 1, 228–230; “The Bruges privileges, 1359,” 199.

  42. Que nulls Nouvelles coustumes aultres que on soloit user en l’ancien temps ne soient faictes ne ordonnees sur eulx ne sur leur avoir; Hansa: Hansische Urkundebuch, vol. II, 52–53; Spanish Cartulaire de l’ancien consulat d’Espagne, 11; Portugal: Ordonnances de Jean sans Peur, 225, art. 13.

  43. See on duke John the Fearless and the French civil war: Schnerb (2005), Vaughan (1979), Dupuy (1980).

  44. Cauchies, Ordonnances, 40–41; 83–85; 253- 259; 297- 298; 319–324; CAB 96, Cartularium Oude Wittenboek, 46 r.; 46v.; 94 r. -95 v.; 96 r. – 97 r.; 183 v. – 184 r.

  45. Blockmans and Prevenier (1999, 103–140) and Stein (2017, 35–47).

  46. See on the 1436–1438 rebellion: Dumolyn (1997); See on the 1449–1453 Ghent rebellion: Haemers (2004).

  47. Inventaire des chartes, vol. 2, 496–499; Cartulaire, 23.

  48. (…) Ou cas que en temps advenir nous plairont (…) pour aulcunes causes nous ad ce mouvans rappeler les previleges (…);Inventaire des chartes, 499; CAB, Spaans Consulaat, nr. 4.

  49. Although in reality, privileges were often confirmed by a new count or duke.

  50. In 1392 the Hanseatic merchants made sure that it was included that they could use these privileges (…) imperpetuum libere et pacifice fruantus eisdem (…);Ordonnances de Margheret de Male, 478.

  51. Braekervelt (2009, 124–125).

  52. CAB, Spaans consulaat, nr. 5; Inventaire des chartes, vol. 2, 498.

  53. Dumolyn, Ryckbosch, and Speecke (2019, 341).

  54. Hanserecesse, I, vol. 7, n. 437; Fris (1900, 32–61).

  55. (…) dat in tiiden van node elc sculdich es met anderen te liedene ende niet te nausten te blivene bii den riguere van rechte, ende want te dier tijd groot ende swaer dierte ende ghebrec van coerne daer binnen den lande van Vlanderen was (…); Hanserecesse, II, vol. 1, 335.

  56. They claimed that the Bruges city council saw the privileges ‘as breakable’ and as a consequence, they had large expenses in litigating before the court; Hanserecesse, II, 1, 66; In the context of the grain transport the Germans received the answer that (…) umme dat noed alle recht unde privilegien brekende were (…); Hanserecesse, II, vol. 7, 264, n. 438.

  57. Handelingen van de Leden, vol. II, 1438–1467, 1056.

  58. Handelingen van de Leden, vol. II, 1438–1467, 858; CAB, Political Charters, nr. 1039.

  59. See for example: Handelingen van de leden, 389.

  60. Paravicini (2006, 417–423); Beuken (1950, 99–101); Hanserecesse, II, vol. 2, n. 249 and 568–570, nr. 678; Hanserecesse, II, vol. 3, n. 46.

  61. Other – more optimistic – reasons cannot be discarded. The Hansa proclaimed that these killings should be used to better the position of the Hanseatic merchant: (…) uppe dat de pyne des enen sii en vrucht veler ander (…); Hanserecesse, II, vol. 2,nr. 608; Hanserecesse, II, vol. 2, 492, n. 587.

  62. Dumolyn (1996, 321).

  63. See on banishment Frankot (2022).

  64. Camenisch (2019), Curtis, Dijkman, Lambrecht and Vanhaute (2017).

  65. CAB 96, Ouden Wittenboek, fol. 21 r. – v.

  66. Ordonnances de Jean sans Peur, 255.

  67. Maréchal (1953).

  68. CAB 130, Poortersboeken, 1434–1450, fol. 65 r., 103 v.; CAB 130, Poortersboeken, 1454–1478, fol. 14 r., 40 r., 108 r.; CAB 130, Poortersboeken, 1479–1496, fol. 33 v.

  69. See for a “free” citizenship on request op Pieter Bladelin; CAB 130, Poortersboeken, 1454–1478, fol. 67 r. See on the Burgundian official Bladelin Braekevelt (2012).

  70. CAB 130, Poortersboeken, 1454–1478, fol. 34 v. and 103 v.

  71. CAB 130, Poortersboeken, 1418–1434, fol. 8 r.

  72. Hanserecesse, II, vol. 4, n. 162.

  73. Hanserecesse, II, 4, n. 162.

  74. Hanserecesse, II, 4, n. 162.

  75. Although one of the concessions the duke wanted to give was a codification of all customs regarding commerce. Needless to say, the cities were no great fans; Hanserecesse, II, vol. 4, n 211.

  76. Hanserecesse, II, 4, n. 444, p. 312, art. 5.; Hanserecesse, II, vol. 4, n. 444.

  77. ASV, Misti Senato, vol. 15, fol. 5 r.

  78. ASV, Commemoriali, N. 302, fol. 121 r. – v.

  79. Handelingen van de leden (1384–1405). 429–430.

  80. Bolton and Bruscoli (2008), Maréchal (1951), Van Uytven (1995).

  81. On the war against the succession of Maximilian of Austria see: Haemers (2014).

  82. See for example the recognition of Bruges as a staple: CAB, Political charters, 1273; CAB 96 Cartularium Groenenboek B, fol. 107 v. – 108 v.

  83. (…) laquelle sera réputée pour caution bourgoise (…); Consulat d’Espagne, 165, art. 8.

  84. Consulat d’Espagne, 180, art. 31.

  85. Cartulaire de l’ancien estaple, vol. I, 283–284.

  86. Consulat d’Espagne, 161, art. 47, 48, 49; CAB 96, Cartularium Groenenboek B, fol. 165 v. – 166 r.

  87. Cartulaire de l’Etaple, vol. I, 290.

  88. CAB 96, Cartularium Groenenboek B, fol. 116 v – 117 r; Consulat d’Espagne, p. 156–157, art. 23, 24, 25.

  89. The Castilian merchants were the exception and remained in the sixteenth century in Bruges; Phillips (1986, 41).

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    Niels Fieremans

  2. Vrije Universiteit, Brussel, Belgium

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Fieremans, N. A Primacy of Privileges? Urban Constitutionalism, the Rule of Law and Late Medieval Bruges. Hague J Rule Law 15, 243–262 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-023-00193-1

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