Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analysis of Out-of-Plane Hail Impact Resistance of Steel Roof Panels

  • Research paper
  • Published:
Experimental Techniques Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Residential and commercial buildings often use metal roof panels. In contrast, the dent resistance of steel panel subjected to impact of hailstone is insufficiently studied. The analysis of the whole experimental setup has been carried out using a finite element model (FEM). Artificial hailstones were launched at different steel sheets based on their size at different terminal velocities for comparison with natural hailstones that remained intact after impact. Based on comparisons between experimental results and the FE model, the simulation approach and material properties are evaluated. Additionally, an equation to predict dent depth using kinetic energy and stress is presented. The results of this study provide an understanding of both hail and roof panel failure modes and their effect on dent resistance. Experimental observations and numerical simulations in this study were well matched with results obtained using analytical models. In addition, the proposed equation overestimates dent depths compared with those found in the tested steel sheets, while underestimating the ones determined by finite element models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. ABAQUS (2014) Version 6.14 user’s manual. Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp.: Providence, RI, USA

  2. Kim H, Welch AD, Kedward TK (2003) Experimental investigation of high velocity ice impacts on woven carbon/epoxy composite panels. Composites Part a: Applied Science and Manufacturing 34:25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00258-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Flüeler P., Stucki M., Guastala F., Egli T. (2008) Hail impact resistance of building materials testing, evaluation and classification. Paper presented at the 11 DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul,Turkey, 11 May 2008

  4. Tippmann JD (2011) Development of a strain rate sensitive ice material model for hail ice impact simulation. University of California, San Diego, United States

    Google Scholar 

  5. Allaby M., Garratt R. (2014) Hail, sleet, snow. In: Blizzards. Facts On File. New York

  6. Gold LW (2014) Building ships from ice: Habbakuk and after. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 29(4):373–384. https://doi.org/10.1179/030801804225018783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Wu Y. (2018) Determining the effects of hailstone impact on flat cold-reduced steel roof sheeting Master of Philosophy thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia.

  8. Uz M.E., Sızar M.D. (2021) Analyzing dent resistance of steel roof panels subjected to hail impacts. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design 9 (3):1015-1029. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.952121

  9. Yilmaz G., Uz M.E., Dawood M., Kop D. (2020) Production of artificial hailstone with liquid nitrogen and comparisons with other artificial hailstones up to now. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design 8 (4):1180-1189. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.672264

  10. Koontz JD The effects of hail on residential roofing products. In: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Roofing Technology, NRCA/NIST, 1991. pp 206-215

  11. Timothy P.M., Richard F.H., Scott J.M., Steven R.S. Hail damage threshold sizes for common roofing and siding materials. In: 21st Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Haag Engineering Co. Dallas, Texas, 12 August 2002 2002. pp 1-4

  12. Mohotti D, Ali M, Ngo T, Lu J, Mendis P, Ruan D (2013) Out-of-plane impact resistance of aluminium plates subjected to low velocity impacts. Materials & Design 50:413–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Calder CA, Goldsmith W (1971) Plastic deformation and perforation of thin plates resulting from projectile impact. International Journal of Solids and Structures 7(7):863–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(71)90096-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Perera S, Lam N, Pathirana M, Zhang L, Ruan D, Gad E (2018) Probabilistic modelling of forces of hail. Natural Hazards 91(1):133–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3117-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Perera S, Lam N, Pathirana M, Zhang L, Ruan D, Gad E (2017) Use of static tests for predicting damage to cladding panels caused by storm debris. Journal of Building Engineering 12:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.05.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Perera S. (2017) Modelling impact actions of flying and falling objects. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/194798

  17. Pathirana M, Lam N, Perera S, Zhang L, Ruan D, Gad E (2017) Damage modelling of aluminium panels impacted by windborne debris. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 165:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.02.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Laurie JAP (1960) Hail and its effects on buildings. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

  19. Heymsfield A, Szakáll M, Jost A, Giammanco I, Wright R (2018) A comprehensive observational study of graupel and hail terminal velocity, mass flux, and kinetic energy. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75(11):3861–3885. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0035.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Heymsfield A, Szakáll M, Jost A, Giammanco I, Wright R, Brimelow J (2020) Corrigendum. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77(1):405–412. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0185.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Knight CA, Knight NC (2001) Hailstorms. In: Vol. 28 of severe convective storms. Meteorological monographs, Boston: American Meteorological Society, pp 223–248

  22. Maguire JR (2014) Experimental determination of the effects of hail impact on steel building envelopes. University of Wollongong, Australia.

  23. Johnson TE, Schaffnit WO (1973) Dent resistance of cold-rolled low-carbon steel sheet. SAE Technical Paper 730528 82(A):1–12. https://doi.org/10.4271/730528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Park H, Kim H (2006) Resistance of adhesively bonded composite lap joints to damage by transcerse ice impact. American Society for Composites - 21st Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites 2006 3:1187-1204

  25. Somasundaram V (2013) The characterisation of hail and fraudulent impacts to vehicle body panels. School of Aerospace, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Australia

  26. Anghileri M, Castelletti L-ML, Invernizzi F, Mascheroni M (2005) A survey of numerical models for hail impact analysis using explicit finite element codes. International Journal of Impact Engineering 31(8):929–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2004.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sun J, Nelson L, Lihai Z, Dong R, Emad G (2015) Contact forces generated by hailstone impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering 84:145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.05.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim T, Kuwamura H (2007) Finite element modeling of bolted connections in thin-walled stainless steel plates under static shear. Thin-walled Structures 45:407–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2007.03.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Carney KS, Benson DJ, DuBois P, Lee R (2006) A phenomenological high strain rate model with failure for ice. International Journal of Solids and Structures 43(25):7820–7839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.04.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the scientific research projects at Aydin Adnan Menderes University [MF-18004 2021].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey

    M.E. Uz, M.D. Kop & E.M. Yildirim

Authors
  1. M.E. Uz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M.D. Kop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E.M. Yildirim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M.E. Uz.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Uz, M., Kop, M. & Yildirim, E. Analysis of Out-of-Plane Hail Impact Resistance of Steel Roof Panels. Exp Tech 46, 509–527 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-022-00550-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-022-00550-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation