Abstract
The past few decades have seen considerable interest in exploration and research of ocean wave energy as a potential energy substitute for fossil-based fuel. In this study, a Wavewatch III spectrum wave model was driven to simulate significant wave height spanning for a period of 25 years, from 1991 to 2015 on the west coast of the island of Sumatra. The 25-year-average of wave energy shows some noticeable hot spots in certain areas that have a value of significant wave height up to 2.33 m and a wave energy 67.29 kW/m. These hotspot occurrences have a similar pattern as statistics collected for the seasonal characteristics that are associated with tropical monsoons with the average value of wave energy reaching its peak in an easterly monsoon season up to 98.21 kW/m, and the lowest average value occurring in the westerly monsoon season, lasting from December to February, with a prevalent value of 10 kW/m. Additional statistical parameters of possible wave energy site selections were considered, such as Coefficient of Variance, Monthly Variability Index, Optimum Hotspot Identifier, Wave Development Index, and accessibility to find the ideal location for wave energy converter deployment. These statistics give insight into potential prospective points for ocean-wave energy harvesting. Eight hotspots were finally selected based on the afore-mentioned statistical considerations and were further analyzed through wave energy characterization and obtained energy calculation through Pelamis, Archimedes Wave Swing, and Wave Dragon Wave Energy Converter power matrices. Finally, inter-annual variability and particular extreme events are discussed.
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Ocean wave datasets related to this article can be found at http://tides.big.go.id/las/UI.vm, an open-source online data repository hosted at Pusat Jaring Kontrol Geodesi dan Geodinamika Online Tidal Prediction (Sofian, I., 2018). CCMP Version-2.0 vector wind analyses are produced by Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA. Data are available at http://www.remss.com (Wentz, F.J., J. Scott, R. Hoffman, M. Leidner, R. Atlas, J. Ardizzone, 2015). NAVGEM, NOGAPS, and Etopo bathymetry datasets obtained from https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap hosted at ERDDAP (Simons, R.A., 2019). In addition, the altimetry satellite used for verification in this study was obtained at http://rads.tudelft.nl/rads/rads.shtml hosted at Radar Altimeter Database System (Scharroo, R., Leuliette, E., Lillibridge, J., Byrne, D., Naeije, M., Mitchum, G., 2013).
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03 July 2020
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03 July 2020
The publication of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Ibnu Sofian from the Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency for making available the WW3 model simulation results on their website. This work was supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti) of the Republic of Indonesia [Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) 2019].
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Visualization of the data using script from M_Map: A mapping package for MATLAB”, version 1.4 k, [Computer software], available online at http://www.eoas.ubc.ca/~rich/map.html (Pawlowicz, R., 2019) and Yair Altman (2020). export_fig (https://www.github.com/altmany/export_fig), GitHub. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
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Rizal, A.M., Ningsih, N.S. Ocean wave energy potential along the west coast of the Sumatra island, Indonesia. J. Ocean Eng. Mar. Energy 6, 137–154 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-020-00164-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-020-00164-w