Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze atrazine (ATZ) spatial distribution in groundwater and present the factors related to its leaching potential in an area under intensive agricultural activity within the fluvio-Aeolian plain of the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Using tools such as soil and groundwater sampling and analysis, batch tests and numerical modeling, the variables that control the atrazine sorption and leaching potential were evaluated. The herbicide was detected in 14.7% of groundwater samples (0.14 to 1.26 μg L−1) becoming a leachable herbicide with moderate potential for groundwater pollution according to the calculated GUS (Groundwater Ubiquity Score) index. Hydrogeological characteristics influenced its distribution in the unconfined aquifer. Areas with a thin vadose zone (VZ) showed the highest atrazine levels, while the lithology of the vadose zone was also critical. In areas with a predominance of coarse-textured sediments (sands and gravels), low clay percentages and lower Koc, atrazine exhibits high mobility, which makes possible its transport to the unconfined aquifer at sites with a deep water table (≈25 m below surface). Herbicide spray application generally coincides with the rainy seasons, which contributes to high leaching rates. Numerical modeling indicated that transport of water and ATZ occurs both through micropores continuously, and macropores episodically. Groundwater has become a secondary environmental subsystem affected by the presence of ATZ due to advective, dispersive and reactive processes which allow its transport through the VZ. Even at relatively low concentrations, the presence of atrazine in groundwater requires long-term planning to monitor and control.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Authors can confirm that all relevant data are included in the article and/or its supplementary information files. More data is however available from the authors upon reasonable request.
References
AAPRESID (2017) Management of problem weeds. Cover crops. Bases for its management in production systems. SSN Nº 2250–5342 / ISSN Nº 2250–5350 [online] Vol. VII. https://aapresid.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/09/AAP-Original-Cultivos-de-cobertura.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2021
Alonso L, Demetrio PM, Etchegoyen MA, Marino DJ (2018) Glyphosate and atrazine in rainfall and soils in agroproductive areas of the Pampas region in Argentina. Sci Total Environ 645:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.134
Avila-Vazquez M, Difilippo FS, MacLean B, Maturano E, Etchegoyen A (2018) Environmental exposure to glyphosate and reproductive health impacts in agricultural population of Argentina. J Environ Protection 9(3):83267. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2018.93016
Bachetti RA, Urseler N, Morgante V, Damilano G, Porporatto C, Agostini E, Morgante C (2021) Monitoring of atrazine pollution and its spatial-seasonal variation on surface water sources of an agricultural river basin. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 106(6):929–935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03264-x
Barrios RE, Akbariyeh S, Liu C, Gani KM, Kovalchuk MT, Li X, Li Y, Snow D, Tang Z, Gates J, Bartelt-Hunt SL (2020) Climate change impacts the subsurface transport of atrazine and estrone originating from agricultural production activities. Environ Pollut 265(A): 115024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115024
Becerra M, Hang S, Mercuri P, Díaz-Zorita M (2015) Geospatial analysis of the adsorption index (Kd) of atrazine calculated according to soil charts and grid sampling. Soil Science (ARG.) 33(2):293–302. Available in http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/cds/v33n2/v33n2a13.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2021
Bécher Quinodóz F, Blarasin M, Maldonado L, Cabrera AE, Eric C, Felizzia J (2016) Groundwater dynamics and recharge assessment in an unconfined aeolian sand aquifer. Int J New Technol Res (IJNTR) ISSN: 2454–4116, 2(5):144–149
Bécher Quinodóz F, Maldonado L, Blarasin M, Matteoda E, Lutri V, Cabrera AE, Giuliano Albo J, Giacobone D (2019) The development of a conceptual model for arsenic mobilization in a fluvio-aeolian aquifer using geochemical and statistical methods. Environ Earth Sci 78:206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8201-8
Bedmar F, Costa JL, Suero E, Gimenez D (2004) Transport of atrazine and metribuzin in three soils of the humid Pampas of Argentina. Weed Technol 18(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-02-056
Beven K, Germann P (2013) Macropores and water flow in soils revisited. Water Resour Res 49:3071–3092. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20156
Blarasin M, Cabrera AE, Matteoda E (2014) Groundwater of the province of Córdoba. 1st edn. UniRio. ISBN 978–987–688–091–6
Blarasin M, Cabrera A, Giacobone D, Lutri V, Currell M, Cabrera AE, Matteoda E, Giuliano Albo J, Cendon D, Ma X, Eric C, Felizzia J (2020) Using isotopes to evaluate relationships between groundwater age, flow systems and pesticide pollution. I Regional Workshop on Isotope Ecohydrology, 12–13 February 2020, San Luis Arg. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18888.34565
Bonansea RI, Amé MV, Wunderlin DA (2013) Determination of priority pesticides in water samples combining SPE and SPME coupled to GC-MS, a case study: Suquía River basin (Argentina). Chemosphere 90:1860–1869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.007
Broznic D, Petković Didović M, Rimac V, Marinić J (2020) Sorption and leaching potential of organophosphorus insecticide dimethoate in Croatian agricultural soils. Chemosphere 273:128563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128563
Butinof M, Fernandez RA, Stimolo MI, Lantieri MJ, Blanco M, Machado AL, Franchini G, Díaz MP (2015) Pesticide exposure and health conditions of terrestrial pesticide applicators in Córdoba Province, Argentina. Cad Saúde Públ 31(3):633–646. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00218313.ISSN1678-4464
Byer JD, Struger J, Klawunn P, Todd A, Sverko E (2008) Low cost monitoring of glyphosate in surface waters using the ELISA method: an evaluation. Environ Sci Technol 42:6052–6057. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8005207
Candela L, Cortés A, Hidalgo M, Salvadó V (2000) Application of immunoassay techniques (ELISA) for monitoring atrazine and its metabolites in the unsaturated zone. In: 1st Joint World Congress on Groundwater, Brasil [online]. https://aguassubterraneas.abas.org/asubterraneas/article/view/23035 Accesed June 2021
CASAFE (2013) Cámara de Sanidad Agropecuaria y Fertilizantes. http://www.casafe.org/publicaciones/estadisticas/. Accessed 1 June 2021
Carignano C, Kröhling D, Degiovanni S, Cioccale M (2014) Geomorphology of the province of Córdoba (Argentina) In Relatorio del XIX Congreso Geológico Argentino Geología y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia de Córdoba. Eds: Martino R., Guereschi A. Asociación Geológica Argentina (AGA), pp 747–822
Chen N, Valdes D, Marlin C, Ribstein P, Alliot F, Aubry E, Blanchoud H (2019a) Transfer and degradation of the common pesticide atrazine through the unsaturated zone of the Chalk aquifer (Northern France). Environ Pollut 255(Part 1): 113125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113125
Chen W, Meng J, Han X, Lan Y, Zhang W (2019b) Past, present, and future of biochar. Biochar 1:75–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-019-00008-3
Cheng M, Zeng G, Huang D, Lai C, Xu P, Zhang C, Zhu Y (2016) Degradation of atrazine by a novel Fenton-like process and assessment the influence on the treated soil. J Hazard Mater 312:184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.033
Chowdhury IF, Rohan M, Stodart BJ, Chen C, Wub H, Doran GS (2021) Persistence of atrazine and trifluralin in a clay loam soil undergoing different temperature and moisture conditions. Environ Pollut 276:116687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116687
Comerford N.B, Franzleubbers AJ, Stromberger ME, Morris L, Markewitz D, Moore R (2013) Assessment and Evaluation of Soil Ecosystem Services. Soil Horizons 54(3). https://doi.org/10.2136/sh12-10-0028
Coquet Y (2003) Sorption of pesticide atrazine isoproturon and metamitron in the Vadose Zone. Vadose Zone J 2:40–51. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2003.4000
Costa JL, Angelini H, De Geronimo E, Aparicio V (2020) Summer crops and the impact of pesticides on surface and underground water in the southeast of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. EGU General Assembly 4–8 May 2020 [online] EGU2020-1775. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1775
Daniel PE, Bedmar F, Costa JL, Aparicio VC (2002) Atrazine and metribuzin sorption in soils of the Argentinean Humid Pampa. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:2567–2572. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620211207
Delmonte AA, Bedmar F, Mantecon JD, Echeverria H, Barassi CA (1997) Residual phytotoxicity and chemical persistence of atrazine in soils of the southeast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. J Environ Biol 18:201–207
Demon M, Schiavon M, Portal JM, Munier-Lamy C (1994) Seasonal dynamics of atrazine in three soils under outdoor conditions. Chemosphere 28(3):453–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90290-9
De Gerónimo E, Aparicio VC, Bárbaro S, Portocarrero R, Jaime S, Costa JL (2014) Presence of pesticides in surface water from four sub-basins in Argentina. Chemosphere 107:423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.039
DeSimone LA, McMahon PB, Rosen MR (2014) The quality of our Nation’s waters - Water quality in principal aquifers of the United States 1991–2010. U.S. Geol Surv Circ 1360 151 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1360
Dufilho AC, Falco S (2020) Preferential flow modelling of Chlorpyrifos leaching in two arid soils of irrigated agricultural production areas in Argentine Patagonia. J Contam Hydrol 229:103584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.103584
Durán-Lara EF, Valderrama A, Marican A (2020) Natural organic compounds for application in organic farming. Agriculture 10(2):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020041
EPA (2004) Abraxis LLC Atrazine ELISA Kit. In: The Environmental Technology Verification Program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [online] https://archive.epa.gov/nrmrl/archive-etv/web/pdf/01_vs_abraxis.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2021
EPA (2013) Atrazine Draft Human Health Risk Assessment for Registration Review. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [online] https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPP-2013-0266-1159. Accessed 15 Feb 2022
EU (2006) Directive 118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration. OJ L 372, 27.12.2006 [online] pp: 19–31 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0118. Accessed 1 Aug 2021
FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database. [online] http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/RP/visualize. Accessed 1 July 2021
Faúndez Urbina CA, van den Berg F, van Dam JC, Tang DWS, Ritsema CJ (2020) Parameter sensitivity of SWAP–PEARL models for pesticide leaching in macroporous soils. Vadose Zone J 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20075
Feng JC, Thompson DG, Reynolds PE (1990) Fate of glyphosate in a Canadian forest watershed, 1, Aquatic residues and off-target deposit assessment. J Agric Food Chem 38(4):1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00094a045
Garcés-García M, Sergi M, González-Martínez MÁ, Puchades R, Maquieira Á (2004) Rapid immunoanalytical method for the determination of atrazine residues in olive oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 378:484–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2242-1
García Céspedes J, Azofeifa IV (2017) Freundlich constants kF of some pesticides in a volcanic soil in Poás de Alajuela. Costa Rica Sci Technol Mag 33(2):19–37
García M, Lutri V, Blarasin MT, Matteoda E, Bettera S (2019) Monitoring of atrazine in surface waters of an agroecosystem in the province of Córdoba (Arg.) using an immunoassay technique. International Journal for Research In Agricultural And Food Science [online] 5(4): 45–58 https://gnpublication.org/index.php/afs/article/view/902. Accessed 1 July 2021
Guillen Garcés R, Hansen A, Van Afferden M (2007) Mineralization of atrazine in agricultural soil: inhibition by Nitrogen. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(5):844–850. https://doi.org/10.1897/06-328r.1
Gustafson DI (1989) Groundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. Environ Toxicol Chem 8(4):339–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411
Hang S, Nassetta M (2003) Evolution of atrazine degradation in two soil profiles in the province of Córdoba. J Agric Res 32(1):57–69. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=86432106. Accessed 1 Aug 2021
Hang S, Sereno R (2002) Adsorción de atrazina y su relación con las características sedimentológicas y desarrollo del perfil de dos suelos de la provincia de Córdoba. Rev Investig Agrop 31(3):73–87. INTA, Arg. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/864/86431306.pdf
Hu X, Wang X, Zhou Q, Wu Y, Xu Q (2011) Research of qualitative ELISA and GC-MS for Atrazine in soil. Adv Mater Res 183–185:990–993. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.183-185.990
Ibrahim HM, Al-Turki AM (2020) Assessment of the environmental risk of pesticides leaching at the watershed scale under arid climatic conditions and low recharge rates. Water 12(2):418. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020418
Isensee AR, Sadeghi AM (1994) Effects of tillage and rainfall on Atrazine residue levels in soil. Weed Sci 42(3):462–467. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500076773
Jarvis N, Koestel J, Larsbo M (2016) Understanding preferential flow in the vadose zone: Recent advances and future prospects. Vadose Zone J 15(12):1–11. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.09.0075
Jurado A, Vàzquez-Suñé E, Carrera J, de Alda L, Pujades E, Barceló D (2012) Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater in Spain: A review of sources, recent occurrence and fate in a European context. Sci Total Environ 440:82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.029
Khalil Y, Flower K, Siddique KHM, Ward P (2019) Rainfall affects leaching of pre-emergent herbicide from wheat residue into the soil. PLoS ONE 14(2):e0210219. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210219
Kolpin DW, Barbash JE, Gilliom RJ (1998) Occurrence of pesticides in shallow groundwater of the United States: Initial results from the National Water - Quality Assessment Program. Environ Sci Technol 32(5):558–566. https://doi.org/10.1021/es970412g
Kumar V, Upadhyay N, Singh S, Singh J, Kaur P (2013) Thin-layer chromatography: Comparative estimation of soil’s Atrazine. Curr World Environ 8(3):469–472. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.8.3.17
Labite H, Holden NM, Richards KG, Kramers G, Premrov A, Coxon CE, Cummins E (2013) Comparison of pesticide leaching potential to groundwater under EU FOCUS and site specific conditions. Sci Total Environ 463–464:432–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.050
Lammoglia SK, Moeys J, Barriuso E, Larsbo M, Marin-Benito JM, Justes E, Alletto L, Ubertosi M, Nicolardot B, Munier-Jolain N, Mamy L (2017) Sequential use of the STICS crop model and of the MACRO pesticide fate model to simulate pesticides leaching in cropping systems. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:6895–6909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6842-7
Larsbo M, Jarvis N (2003) Macro 5.0 a Model of water flow and solute transport in macroporous soil: Technical description. Swed Univ Agric Sci 48 p [online] ISBN 91–576–6592–3. https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/centrb/ckb/modeller_dokument/macro-5.0-technical-report-2003.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2021
Ling WT, Wang HZ, Xu JM, Gao YZ (2005) Sorption of dissolved organic matter and its effects on the atrazine sorption on soils. J Environ Sci (China) 17(3):478–482
Lu YC, Bradley Watkins K, Teasdale JR, Abdul-Baki AA (2000) Cover crops in sustainable food production. Food Rev Intl 16(2):121–157. https://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-100100285
Lutri V, Matteoda E, Blarasin M, Aparicio V, Giacobone D, Maldonado L, Bécher Quinodóz F, Cabrera AE, Giuliano Albo J (2020) Hydrogeological features affecting spatial distribution of glyphosate and AMPA in groundwater and surface water in an agroecosystem Córdoba. Arg Sci Total Environ 711:134557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134557
Lupi L, Miglioranza KSB, Aparicio VC, Marino D, Bedmar F, Wunderlin DA (2015) Occurrence of glyphosate and AMPA in an agricultural watershed from the southeastern region of Argentina. Sci Total Environ 536:687–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.090
Mas LI, Aparicio VC, De Gerónimo E, Costa JL (2020) Pesticides in water sources used for human consumption in the semiarid region of Argentina. SN Applied Sci 2:691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2513-x
Mateo-Sagasta J, Marjani S, Turral H, Burke J (2017) Water pollution from agriculture: A global review Executive summary. CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) [online] 35p. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/88070. Accessed 1 April 2021
Maurer L, Villette C, Reiminger N, Jurado X, Laurent J, Nuel M, Mosé R, Wanko A, Heintz D (2021) Distribution and degradation trend of micropollutants in a surface flow treatment wetland revealed by 3D numerical modelling combined with LC-MS/MS. Water Res 190:116672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116672
Montiel-León JM, Munoz G, Duy SV, Do DT, Vaudreuil MA, Goeury K, Guillemette F, Amyot M, Sauvé S (2019) Widespread occurrence and spatial distribution of Glyphosate, Atrazine and neonicotinoids pesticides in the St. Lawrence and tributary rivers. Environ Pollut 250:29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.125
Montoya JC, Porfiri C, Roberto ZE, Viglizzo EF (2019) Assessing the vulnerability of groundwater resources in semiarid lands of Central Argentina. Sustain Water Resour Manag 5:1419–1434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0246-4
Müller K, Duwig C, Prado B, Siebe C, Hidalgo C, Etchevers J (2012) Impact of long-term wastewater irrigation on sorption and transport of atrazine in Mexican agricultural soils. J Environ Sci Health (B) 47(1):30–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.606416
Narváez Valderrama JF, Palacio Baena JA, Molina Pérez FJ (2012) Persistencia de plaguicidas en el ambiente y su ecotoxicidad: Una revisión de los procesos de degradación natural. Gestión y Ambiente [online] 15(3): 27–37. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=169424893002. Accessed 15 June 2021
Nödler K, Licha T, Voutsa D (2013) Twenty years later–atrazine concentrations in selected coastal waters of the Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 70(1–2):112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.018
NSW (2009) Maize Growth & Development. State of New South Wales, NSW Department of Primary Industries. ISBN 9780734719553. Available in https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/516184/Procrop-maize-growth-and-development.pdf. Accesses 15 March 2021
Papadopoulos N, Zalidis G (2019) The use of Typha Latifolia L in constructed wetland microcosms for the remediation of herbicide Terbuthylazine. Environ Process 6:985–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-019-00398-3
Pérez DJ, Okada E, De Gerónimo E, Menone ML, Aparicio VC, Costa JL (2017) Spatial and temporal trends and flow dynamics of Glyphosate and other pesticides within an agricultural watershed in Argentina. Environ Toxicol Chem 36:3206–3216. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3897
Pavlidis G, Zotou I, Karasali H, Marousopoulou A,·Bariamis G, Tsihrintzis V, Nalbantis I (2022) Performance of pilot-scale constructed floating wetlands in the removal of nutrients and pesticides. Water Resour Manage 36:399–416.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-03033-9
Perkins DB, Chen W, Jacobson A, Stone Z, White M, Christensen B, Ghebremichael L, Brain R (2021) Development of a mixed-source single pesticide database for use in ecological risk assessment: Quality control and data standardization practices. Environ Monit Assess 193:827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09596-9
Portocarrero R, Aparicio VC, de Gerónimo E, Morales C, Costa JL (2018) Pesticide presence in a hydrologic system of Tucumán province, Argentina. Geophysical Research Abstracts 20: 2349. 20th EGU General Assembly 4–13 April Vienna, Austria. Available in https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2018/EGU2018-2349.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2021
UNEP (2005) Ridding the World of POPs: A guide to the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants. United Nations Environment Program [online] http://www.pops.int/documents/guidance/beg_guide.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2021
Primost JE, Marino DJG, Aparicio V, Costa JL, Carriquiriborde P (2017) Glyphosate and AMPA, pseudo-persistent pollutants under real-world agricultural management practices in the Mesopotamic Pampas agroecosystem, Argentina. Environ Pollut 229:771–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.006
Rodrigo-Ilarri J, Cassiraga E, Rodrigo-Clavero ME (2018) Mathematical modeling of pesticides in the vadose zone: Application to the Júcar River Basin in Spain. Geophysical Research Abstracts 20: 5105. 20th EGU General Assembly 4–13 April Vienna, Austria. Available in https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2018/EGU2018-5105.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2021
Sánchez-Camazano M, Lorenzo LF, Sánchez-Martín MJ (2005) Atrazine and Alachlor inputs to surface and ground waters in irrigated corn cultivation areas of Castilla-Leon region, Spain. Environ Monit and Assess 105:11–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-2814-y
Saxton KE, Rawls WJ, Romberger JS, Papendick RI (1986) Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50(4):1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040039x
Silva E, Mendes MP, Ribeiro L, Cerejeira MJ (2012) Exposure assessment of pesticides in a shallow groundwater of the Tagus vulnerable zone (Portugal): A multivariate statistical approach (JCA). Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:2667–2680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0761-z
SIS-INTA Soil Information System [online]. National Institute of Agricultural Technology. Available in http://sisinta.inta.gob.ar/ Accessed 15 Feb 2021
Spark KM, Swift RS (2002) Effect of soil composition and dissolved organic matter on pesticide sorption. Sci Total Environ 298(1–3):147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00213-9
SSIR (2014) Soil Survey Investigations Report. Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual No. 42 (5.0) [online]. R Burt and Soil Survey Staff (ed.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available in https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1253872.pdf. Accessed 1 June 2021
Sun K, Gao B, Ro KS, Novak JM, Wang Z, Herbert S, Xing B (2012) Assessment of herbicide sorption by biochars and organic matter associated with soil and sediment. Environ Pollut 163:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.015
Sudrajat H (2017) Cu (II)/Bi2O3Photocatalysis for toxicity reduction of Atrazine in water environment under different light wavelengths. Environ Process 4:439–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-017-0241-z
Tappe W, Groeneweg J, Jantsch B (2002) Diffuse Atrazine pollution in German aquifers. Biodegradation 13(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016325527709
PPDB (2015) Pesticides Properties DataBase. University of Hertfordshire, Agriculture and Environmental Research Unit [online]. Available in https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/index.htm. Accessed 15 March 2021
Urseler N, Bachetti R, Morgante V, Agostini E, Morgante C (2021) Atrazine behavior in an agricultural soil: Adsorption–desorption leaching and bioaugmentation with Arthrobacter sp. strain AAC22. J Soils Sediment 22:93–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03045-3
van Genuchten MTh, Šimůnek J, Leij F, Šejna M (2009) The RETC code (V 6.02) for quantifying the hydraulic functions of unsaturated soils. Available in http://www.hydrus3d.com. Accessed 20 March 2021
Viccione G, Stoppiello M, Lauria S, Cascini L (2020) Numerical modeling on fate and transport of pollutants in the vadose zone. Environ Sci Proc 2(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002034
Wang Z, Ouyang W, Tysklind M, Lin C, Wang B (2021) Seasonal variations in Atrazine degradation in a typical semienclosed bay of the northwest Pacific Ocean. Environ Pollut 283:117072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117072
Wang S, Wei S, Liang H, Zheng W, Li X, Hu C, Currell MJ, Zhou F, Min L (2019) Nitrogen stock and leaching rates in a thick vadose zone below areas of long-term nitrogen application in the North China Plain: A future groundwater quality threat. J Hydrol 576:28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.012
Funding
This work was supported by the Secretariat of Science and Technology of the National University of Río Cuarto and the Fund for Scientific and Technological Research (Foncyt) number PICT 474 2015.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization Methodology and investigation: Veronica Lutri, Monica Blarasin, Edel Matteoda; Writing—original draft preparation: Veronica Lutri; Review and editing: Currell Matthew, Cabrera, Adriana, Giacobone Daniela, Bécher Quinodóz Fátima.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Article Highlights
Atrazine, the second most used herbicide in Argentinian Pampas, contaminates groundwater
Combination of unsaturated zone thickness and lithology influence Atrazine transport
Spraying practices in rainy season contribute to Atrazine leaching to groundwater
Atrazine transport occurs both through micropores continuously and macropores episodically
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lutri, V.F., Blarasin, M.T., Matteoda, E.M. et al. Screening of Atrazine Distribution in Groundwater and Modeling of Leaching Potential to the Unconfined Aquifer in the Pampean Plain of Cordoba, Argentina. Environ. Process. 9, 25 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-022-00581-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-022-00581-z