Abstract
WO3 electrochromic (EC) and ATO ion storage films were fabricated by a kinetic spray technique at various substrate heating temperatures. The optimal heating condition for WO3 deposition was 80oC, which provided a total transmittance change of 31%. Furthermore, the total transmittance change (at 800 nm) of the WO3 EC cell fabricated with the ATO ion storage layer deposited at 150°C was 42%, which was caused a comparably large shift in the transmittance. The charge/discharge density of the EC cell with the ATO ion storage layer deposited at 150°C was 11.12-11.37 mC cm-2. Finally, the cyclic transmittance of 40% was maintained for 1 h. The uniform and densely packed microstructure that resulted from the heated substrate had good inter-grain and particles connections that provided sufficient absorption sites for ions. Therefore, it was established that microstructural control of the EC and ion storage layers are crucial to improving EC performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Platt, J. R., “Electrochromism, a Possible Change of Color Producible in Dyes by an Electric Field,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 862–863, 1961.
Monk, P., Mortimer, R., and Rosseinsky, D. “Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices,” Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Kim, Y. L., “Fabrication and Electrical Properties of Highly Organized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks for Electronic Device Applications,” Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 66–69, 2017.
Agrawal, A., Cronin, J. P., and Zhang, R., “Review of Solid State Electrochromic Coatings Produced Using Sol-Gel Techniques,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 9–21, 1993.
Sharma, N., Deepa, M., Varshney, P., and Agnihotry, S., “Influence of Organic Additive on the Morphological, Electrical and Electrochromic Properties of Sol-Gel Derived WO3 Coatings,” Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 167–173, 2000.
Nam, G. M. and Kwon, M. S., “Characterization of F-and Al-Codoped ZnO Transparent Conducting Thin Film Prepared by Sol-Gel Spin Coating Method,” Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 338–342, 2016.
Habazaki, H., Hayashi, Y., and Konno, H., “Characterization of Electrodeposited WO3 Films and Its Application to Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 47, No. 26, pp. 4181–4188, 2002.
Deepa, M., Kar, M., and Agnihotry, S., “Electrodeposited Tungsten Oxide Films: Annealing Effects on Structure and Electrochromic Performance,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 468, No. 1, pp. 32–42, 2004.
Göttsche, J., Hinsch, A., and Wittwer, V., “Electrochromic Mixed WO3 TiO2 Thin Films Produced by Sputtering and the Sol-Gel Technique: A Comparison,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 415–428, 1993.
Al Mohammad, A. and Gillet, M., “Phase Transformations in WO3 Thin Films During Annealing,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 408, No. 1, pp. 302–309, 2002.
El-Nahass, M., Saadeldin, M., Ali, H., and Zaghllol, M., “Electrochromic Properties of Amorphous and Crystalline WO3 Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation Technique,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol. 29, pp. 201–205, 2015.
Sun, X., Cao, H., Liu, Z., and Li, J., “Influence of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Optical Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Tungsten Oxide Films,” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255, No. 20, pp. 8629–8633, 2009.
Ozkan, E., Lee, S.-H., Tracy, C. E., Pitts, J. R., and Deb, S. K., “Comparison of Electrochromic Amorphous and Crystalline Tungsten Oxide Films,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 439–448, 2003.
Chun, D.-M. and Ahn, S.-H., “Deposition Mechanism of Dry Sprayed Ceramic Particles at Room Temperature Using a Nano-Particle Deposition System,” Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, No. 7, pp. 2693–2703, 2011.
Chun, D.-M., Choi, J.-O., Lee, C. S., Kanno, I., Kotera, H., et al., “Nano-Particle Deposition System (NPDS): Low Energy Solvent-Free Dry Spray Process for Direct Patterning of Metals and Ceramics at Room Temperature,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 1107–1112, 2012.
Jung, K., Song, W., Chun, D.-M., Kim, Y.-H., Yeo, J.-C., et al., “Nickel Line Patterning Using Silicon Supersonic Micronozzle Integrated with a Nanoparticle Deposition System,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 49, No. 5S1, Paper No. 05EC09, 2010.
Song, W., Jung, K., Chun, D.-M., Ahn, S.-H., and Lee, C. S., “Deposition of Al2O3 Powders Using Nano-Particle Deposition System,” Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 189–193, 2010.
Kim, K.-S., Lee, J., Kim, Y. H., and Lee, C. S., “Effect of Scanning Speed on Copper Line Deposition Using Nanoparticle Deposition System (NPDS) for Direct Printing Technology,” Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 106–113, 2013.
Kim, H., Park, Y., Choi, D., Ahn, S.-H., and Lee, C. S., “Novel Fabrication of an Electrochromic Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Film Using a Nanoparticle Deposition System,” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 377, pp. 370–375, 2016.
Park, Y., Kim, H., Lee, G.-Y., Pawar, R. C., Lee, J.-S., et al., “Photocatalytic Evaluation of Self-Assembled Porous Network Structure of Ferric Oxide Film Fabricated by Dry Deposition Process,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 181, pp. 241–247, 2016.
Ahn, S.-H., “An Evaluation of Green Manufacturing Technologies Based on Research Databases,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Tech., Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5–9, 2014.
Park, S.-I., Kim, S., Choi, J.-O., Song, J.-H., Taya, M., et al., “Low-Cost Fabrication of Wo 3 Films Using a Room Temperature and Low-Vacuum Air-Spray Based Deposition System for Inorganic Electrochromic Device Applications,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 589, pp. 412–418, 2015.
Siokou, A., Ntais, S., Dracopoulos, V., Papaefthimiou, S., Leftheriotis, G., et al., “Substrate Related Structural, Electronic and Electrochemical Properties of Evaporated Ceo X Ion Storage Layers,” Thin Solid Films, Vol. 514, No. 1, pp. 87–96, 2006.
Lebedev, M., Akedo, J., and Ito, T., “Substrate Heating Effects on Hardness of an A-Al2O3 Thick Film Formed by Aerosol Deposition Method,” Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 275, No. 1, pp. e1301–e1306, 2005.
Monshi, A., Foroughi, M. R., and Monshi, M. R., “Modified Scherrer Equation to Estimate More Accurately Nano-Crystallite Size Using XRD,” World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 154–160, 2012.
Zum Felde, U., Haase, M., and Weller, H., “Electrochromism of Highly Doped Nanocrystalline SnO2: Sb,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 104, No. 40, pp. 9388–9395, 2000.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, H., Kim, K., Choi, D. et al. Microstructural Control of the Electrochromic and Ion Storage Layers on the Performance of an Electrochromic Device Fabricated by the Kinetic Spray Technique. Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech. 5, 231–238 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0023-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-018-0023-8