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Occurrence and Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Shellfish

  • FOOD, HEALTH, AND THE ENVIRONMENT (KE NACHMAN AND D LOVE, SECTION EDITORS)
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of persistent, fluorinated surfactants used widely in industrial and commercial applications with known adverse health effects. Seafood consumption is thought to be an underappreciated source of PFAS exposure in the general population. This review synthesizes the current understanding of PFAS occurrence in shellfish, a term used to describe animals such as mollusk bivalves, certain gastropods (snails), cephalopods (e.g., octopuses and squid), and crustaceans, and highlights scientific gaps relative to bioaccumulation and the protection of shellfish consumers.

Recent findings

A range of sampling methodologies are used across studies, and the suite of PFAS surveyed across studies is highly variable. Concentrations of PFAS observed in shellfish vary by geographic location, shellfish species, habitat, and across PFAS compounds, and studies informing estimates of bioaccumulation of PFAS in shellfish are extremely limited at this time.

Summary

This review identifies several important opportunities for researchers to standardize PFAS sampling techniques, sample preparation, and analytical methodologies to allow for better comparison of PFAS analytes both within and across future studies. Increasing the range of geographic locations where samples are collected is also a critical priority to support a greater knowledge of worldwide PFAS contamination. When put into the context of risk to consumer, concentrations of PFAS, especially PFOS, found in shellfish collected from sites containing aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and industrial contamination may present risks to frequent consumers. Further research is needed to protect shellfish consumers and to inform shellfish advisories and health protective policies.

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Funding

Support for this work was provided by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences P20 GM104416, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences R21 ES032187 and R21 ES032187-S1, and the Dartmouth College Presidential Scholars Program.

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Author notes

  1. Celia Y. Chen and Megan E. Romano are co-senior authors and contributed equally to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

    Nathan G. Giffard, Saige A. Gitlin & Celia Y. Chen

  2. Environmental Health Program, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, USA

    Marta Rardin & Jonathan M. Petali

  3. Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA

    Megan E. Romano

  4. One Medical Center Drive, Hinman, Box 7927, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA

    Megan E. Romano

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Giffard, N.G., Gitlin, S.A., Rardin, M. et al. Occurrence and Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Shellfish. Curr Envir Health Rpt 9, 591–603 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-022-00379-z

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