Abstract
Assessment of resilient modulus property of subgrade soil is prerequisite for design of flexible pavement using mechanistic-empirical approach. Though clayey soils possess good resilient characteristics, they also undergo significant plastic deformation. This necessitates determination of permanent deformation along with resilient modulus to understand the intricate nature of the soil under consideration. Tropical red soils of Indian subcontinent possess good strength characteristics at optimum moisture content; however, excess of moisture decreases the strength of these soils drastically. Utilization of industrial by-products for soil amelioration is one way to make the regional soils meet the requirements of mechanistic-empirical design approach. In addition to this, industrial by-products not only improve the engineering behavior of the soil but also help reduce the landfill area. In the present study, effect of calcium carbide residue (CCR), a by-product of acetylene industry, on static strength and accumulation of permanent strain in red soils is investigated. Natural red soil and CCR-beneficiated red soils are examined under various moisture contents and stress levels for understanding the effect of these variables on permanent strain. Shakedown theory is used to differentiate the stress levels as stable behavior and unstable behavior. Results indicated that the addition of CCR to red soil leads to a significant reduction in the permanent strain. Power law and VTT models are also used in order to check the consistency of experimental data, and results yielded higher coefficient of determination (R2) values indicating the strength of developed models.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Farsakh, M., Dhakal, S., Chen, Q.: Performance evaluation of cement treated/stabilized very weak subgrade soils. In: Geo-Congress 2014: Geo-characterization and Modeling for Sustainability, pp. 1387–1395 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.135
Anupam, A.K., Kumar, P., Ransinchung, R.N.G.D.: Effect of fly ash and rice husk ash on permanent deformation behaviour of subgrade soil under cyclic triaxial loading. Transp. Res. Procedia. 17, 596–606 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.11.114
Brown, S.F.: Soil mechanics in pavement engineering. Géotechnique. 46(3), 383–426 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.3.383
Chauhan, M.S., Mittal, S., Mohanty, B.: Performance evaluation of silty sand subgrade reinforced with fly ash and fibre. Geotext. Geomembr. 26(5), 429–435 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.02.001
Chazallon, C., Koval, G., Hornych, P., Allou, F., Mouhoubi, S.: Modelling of rutting of two flexible pavements with the shakedown theory and the finite element method. Comput. Geotech. 36(5), 798–809 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2009.01.007
Cong, L., Guo, Z., Gao, Q., Zhang, H.: Permanent deformation characteristics and prediction model of silty subgrade soils under repeated loading. J. Highway Transp. Res. Dev. (English ed.). 5(2), 22–26 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1061/JHTRCQ.0000059
Du, Y.J., Zhang, Y.Y., Liu, S.Y.: Investigation of strength and California bearing ratio properties of natural soils treated by calcium carbide residue. In: Geo-Frontiers 2011: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 1237–1244 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)127
He, Z., Liu, Y., Tang, H., Xing, Y., Bian, H.: Experimental study on cumulative plastic deformation of coarse-grained soil high-grade roadbed under long-term vehicle load. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2018, 1–8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8167205
Horpibulsuk, S., Rachan, R., Chinkulkijniwat, A., Raksachon, Y., Suddeepong, A.: Analysis of strength development in cement stabilized silty clay based on microstructural considerations. Constr. Build. Mater. 24(10), 2011–2021 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.011
Horpibulsuk, S., Rachan, R., Suddeepong, A., Chinkulkijniwat, A.: Strength development in cement admixed Bangkok clay, laboratory and field investigations. Soils Found. 51(2), 239–251 (2011). https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.239
Horpibulsuk, S., Phetchuay, C., Chinkulkijniwat, A., Cholaphatsorn, A.: Strength development in silty clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue and fly ash. Soils Found. 53(4), 477–486 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.06.001
Korkiala-Tanttu, L., Dawson, A.: Relating full-scale pavement rutting to laboratory permanent deformation testing. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 8(1), 19–28 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430600783509
Lekha, B.M., Sarang, G., Shankar, A.R.: Effect of electrolyte lignin and fly ash in stabilizing black cotton soil. Transp. Infrastruct. Geotechnol. 2(2), 87–101 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-015-0020-0
Melan, E.: TheoriestatischunbestimmterSystemeaus ideal plastischem. Baustoff. Sitzber.Akad. Wiss. Wien IIa. 145, 198–129 (1936)
Mogili, S., Mohammed, A.G., Mudavath, H., Gonavaram, K.K.: Mechanical strength characteristics of fiber-reinforced pond ash for pavement application. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 5(3), 1–12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00313-y
Monismith, C.L., Ogawa, N., Freeme, C.R.: Permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade soils due to repeated loading. Transp. Res. Rec. (537), 1–17, (1975). https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1975/537/537-001.pdf
Muhanna, A.S., Rahman, M.S., Lambe, P.C.: Model for resilient modulus and permanent strain of subgrade soils. Transp. Res. Rec. 1619(1), 85–93 (1998). https://doi.org/10.3141/2F1619-10
Nagaraj, T.S., Miura, N., Yamadera, A., Yaligar, P.: Strength assessment of cement admixed soft clays—parametric study. In: Proceedings of Int. Conf. on Ground Improvement Techniques, CI-Premier, Singapore, pp. 379–386 (1997)
Noolu, V., Mudavath, H., Pillai, R.J., Yantrapalli, S.K.: Permanent deformation behaviour of black cotton soil treated with calcium carbide residue. Constr. Build. Mater. 223, 441–449 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.010
Pani, A., Singh, S.P.: Strength and compressibility of sedimented ash beds treated with chemical columns. Soils Found. 60(3), 573–591 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.09.007
Patel, S., Shahu, J.T.: Resilient response and permanent strain of steel slag-fly ash-dolime mix. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28(10), 04016106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001619
Puppala, A.J., Mohammad, L.N., Allen, A.: Permanent deformation characterization of subgrade soils from RLT test. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 11(4), 274–282 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:4(274)
Puppala, A.J., Saride, S., Chomtid, S.: Experimental and modeling studies of permanent strains of subgrade soils. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. 135(10), 1379–1389 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000163
Sharma, H.D., Reddy, K.R.: Geo environmental engineering: site remediation, waste containment, and emerging waste management technologies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc (2004)
Sharp, R.W., Booker, J.R.: Shakedown of pavements under moving surface loads. J. Transp. Eng. 110(1), 1–14 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1984)110:1(1)
Tatsuoka, F., Kobayashi, A.: Triaxial strength characteristics of cement-treated soft clay. In: Proceedings of the 8th European Conference of SMFE, pp. 421–426 (1983)
Venkatesh, N., Heeralal, M., Pillai, R.J.: Resilient and permanent deformation behaviour of clayey subgrade soil subjected to repeated load triaxial tests. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 1–16 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2018.1472041
Werkmeister, S.: Shakedown analysis of unbound granular materials using accelerated pavement test results from New Zealand’s CAPTIF facility. In: Pavement Mechanics and Performance, pp. 220–228 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1061/40866(198)28
Werkmeister, S., Dawson, A.R., Wellner, F.: Permanent deformation behavior of granular materials and the shakedown concept. Transp. Res. Rec. 1757(1), 75–81 (2001). https://doi.org/10.3141/2F1757-09
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Noolu, V., Paluri, Y., Chavali, R.V.P. et al. Evaluation of a Clayey Soil Stabilized by Calcium Carbide Residue as Pavement Subgrade. Transp. Infrastruct. Geotech. 9, 403–416 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-021-00185-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-021-00185-4