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Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)—Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic neglected tropical disease (NTD) endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to enhance our understanding of HAT and provide valuable insights to combat this significant public health issue by synthesizing the latest research and evidence.

Recent Findings

HAT has reached a historical < 1000 cases in 2018. In patients without neurologic symptoms and signs, the likelihood of a severe meningoencephalitic stage is deemed low, obviating the need for a lumbar puncture to guide treatment decisions using fexinidazole.

Summary

Both forms of the disease, gambiense HAT (gHAT) and rhodesiense HAT (rHAT), have specific epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Disease management still requires a high index of suspicion, infectious disease expertise, and specialized medical care. Essential stakeholders in health policy are critical to accomplishing the elimination goals of the NTD roadmap for 2021–2030.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

    Yeimer Ortiz-Martínez

  2. Programme PAC-CI, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Ivory Coast

    Menan Gérard Kouamé

  3. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda

    Felix Bongomin

  4. College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone

    Sulaiman Lakoh

  5. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    Andrés F. Henao-Martínez

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YOM wrote the main manuscript. AAHM edited the manuscript and provided supervision. MGK, FB, and SL provided critical feedback on the manuscript draft.

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Ortiz-Martínez, Y., Kouamé, M.G., Bongomin, F. et al. Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)—Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Curr Trop Med Rep 10, 222–234 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-023-00304-w

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