Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) waves on some blood factors in domestic pigeons: an experimental study

  • Research article
  • Published:
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

BTS waves are one of the most important environmental pollutants, but there is inadequate data of its effects on living creatures. Birds have major role in environmental balance and hematologic factors are good describers of animal health. Therefore, we studied hematological factors in pigeons to assess the health effects of BTS waves in urban birds.

Methods

This experiment has been run on 120 six month-old pigeons. After adaptation to laboratory settings, they divided to six random groups of distance from BTS and daily exposure time. G1: 50 cm/30 min, G2: 100 cm/30 min daily, G3: 150 cm/30 min, G4: 50 cm/60 min, G5: 100 cm/60 min and G6: 150 cm/60 min. Daily exposure done for 30 consecutive days. Hematologic studies done before and after exposure for analysis of WBC, Neut, Mono, Lymph, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCHC and platelets. Results processed statistically by SPSS software.

Results

The results of this study showed a significant difference between the six experimental groups. The results showed distance from the BTS source had the largest effect on PLT followed by HCT, MCV, MCHC, Neut, Hb, RBC, Lymph, WBC, and Mono, respectively. Moreover, the duration of exposure to BTS wave had the largest effect on Mono followed by PLT, Neut, MCV, MCHC, WBC, HCT, Lymph, RBC and Hb, respectively.

Conclusions

Study showed that increasing exposure time and decreasing distance from the wave source have significant effect on hematologic factors. The distance has more effect than exposure time. Further investigation on protection and reducing the side effects are recommended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Halgamuge MN, Skafidas E, Davis D. A meta-analysis of in vitro exposures to weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phones (1990–2015). Environ Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Fadiloglu E, et al. Non-ionizing radiation created by mobile phone progresses endometrial hyperplasia: an experimental rat study. Arch Med Res. 2019;50(2):36–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Khadrawy Y, et al. Effect of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of cortical amino acid neurotransmitters in adult and young rats. Roman J Biophys. 2009;19(4):295–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hancı H, et al. Changes in testicular morphology and oxidative stress biomarkers in 60-day-old Sprague Dawley rats following exposure to continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field for 1 ha day throughout adolescence. Reprod Toxicol. 2018;81:71–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Odacı E, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on 60-day-old rat testis and epididymal sperm quality. Biotech Histochem. 2016;91(1):9–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Verschaeve L. Genetic damage in subjects exposed to radiofrequency radiation. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2009;681(2–3):259–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bahreyni Toossi MH, et al. Exposure to mobile phone (900–1800 MHz) during pregnancy: tissue oxidative stress after childbirth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(10):1298–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Odacı E, Özyılmaz C. Exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for 1 hour a day over 30 days does change the histopathology and biochemistry of the rat testis. Int J Radiat Biol. 2015;91(7):547–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Balmori A. Mobile phone mast effects on common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles: the city turned into a laboratory. Electromagn Biol Med. 2010;29(1–12):31–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Carpenter DO. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: How source of funding affects results. Environ Res. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Barnes F, Greenenbaum B. Some effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems: RF fields can change radical concentrations and cancer cell growth rates. IEEE Power Electron Mag. 2016;3(1):60–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Khurana VG, et al. Epidemiological evidence for a health risk from mobile phone base stations. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2010;16(3):263–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Odacı E, et al. Pathological effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old male rat kidney. Biotech Histochem. 2015;90(2):93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Topal Z, et al. The effects of prenatal long-duration exposure to 900-MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-day-old newborn male rat liver. Turkish J Med Sci. 2015;45(2):291–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hancı H, et al. Can prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field affect the morphology of the spleen and thymus, and alter biomarkers of oxidative damage in 21-day-old male rats? Biotech Histochem. 2015;90(7):535–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bhargavi K, Balachandrudu K, Nageswar P. Mobile phone radiation effects on human health. Int J Comput Eng Res. 2013;3(4):196–203.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Binhi VN, Prato FS. A physical mechanism of magnetoreception: extension and analysis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2017;38(1):41–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Aalto S, et al. Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26(7):885–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Morgan LL, et al. Mobile phone radiation causes brain tumors and should be classified as a probable human carcinogen (2A). Int J Oncol. 2015;46(5):1865–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Liboff A, Jenrow K. New model for the avian magnetic compass. Bioelectromagnetics. 2000;21(8):555–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dandapat A, Banerjee D, Chakraborty D. The case of the Disappearing House Sparrow (Passer domesticus indicus). Veter World. 2010;3(2):97.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Balmori A. Anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as an emerging threat to wildlife orientation. Sci Total Environ. 2015;518:58–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Balmori A. Possible effects of electromagnetic fields from phone masts on a population of white stork (Ciconia ciconia). Electromagn Biol Med. 2005;24(2):109–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Balmori A. Electromagnetic pollution from phone masts. Effects Wildl Pathophysiol. 2009;16(2–3):191–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Dongre S, Verma R. Effect of cell phone radiation on Gauriya Sparrows passer domesticus. Shodh, Samiksha aur Mulyankan. 2009;2:51–2.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hole DG, et al. Comparative breeding ecology of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus before and during population decline in Britain. BTO Res Rep. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1560/4LHW-DW74-BQUW-5WM0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Everaert J, Bauwens D. A possible effect of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base stations on the number of breeding house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Electromagn Biol Med. 2007;26(1):63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Consales C, et al. Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/683897.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hossmann KA, Hermann D. Effects of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on the central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(1):49–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Tyagi A, Duhan M, Bhatia D. Effect of mobile phone radiation on brain activity GSM vs CDMA. IJSTM. 2011;2(2):1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mohammed HS, et al. Non-thermal continuous and modulated electromagnetic radiation fields effects on sleep EEG of rats. J Adv Res. 2013;4(2):181–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Reynolds SJ, Schoech SJ, Bowman R. Diet quality during pre-laying and nestling periods influences growth and survival of Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) chicks. J Zool. 2003;261(3):217–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Baharara J, Zahedifar Z. Effects of cell phones radiation on biological factors. J Cell Tissue. 2011;2:85–98.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kavyannejad R, et al. Effect of electromagnutic field of mobile phones on blood pressure, heart rate and arytmia. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2009;11(3):22–6.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Jelodar G, Zare Y. Effect of radiation leakage of microwave oven on rat serum testosterone at pre and post pubertal stage. SSU J. 2008;15(4):64–8.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Garaj-Vrhovac V. Micronucleus assay and lymphocyte mitotic activity in risk assessment of occupational exposure to microwave radiation. Chemosphere. 1999;39(13):2301–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Genuis SJ. Fielding a current idea: exploring the public health impact of electromagnetic radiation. Public Health. 2008;122(2):113–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Busljeta I, Trosic I, Milkovic-Kraus S. Erythropoietic changes in rats after 245 GHz nonthermal irradiation. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2004;207(6):549–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Mohamed GM, et al. Effect of incubating egg exposure to magnetic field on the biophysical blood properties of newly-hatched chicks. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015;28(5):1865–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nageswari KS. A review on immunological effects of microwave radiation. IETE Tech Rev. 1988;5(5):203–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Rotkovska D, Vacek A. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the hematopoietic stem cells of mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975;247:243–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Baranski S. Effect of chronic microwave irradiation on the blood forming system of guinea pigs and rabbits. Aerosp Med. 1971;42(11):1196–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. Gholami for his assistance in statistical analysis of the results and Dr. S.Nafisseh EsHagh Hosseini for the final check.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. West Tehran Branch, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Hesam Akbari, Sanaz Khoramipour & Roya Mafigholami

  2. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hazrat-E Fateme Masoume Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran

    Seyed Kamal Eshagh Hossaini

  3. Damavand Branch, Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

    Behnaz Moradighiasabadi

Authors
  1. Hesam Akbari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sanaz Khoramipour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Seyed Kamal Eshagh Hossaini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Roya Mafigholami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Behnaz Moradighiasabadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sanaz Khoramipour or Roya Mafigholami.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akbari, H., Khoramipour, S., Eshagh Hossaini, S.K. et al. Effect of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) waves on some blood factors in domestic pigeons: an experimental study. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 19, 1827–1833 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00738-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00738-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation