Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: a Critical Review

  • Cardiovascular Care (L Roever, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Our aims are to explore the evidence for egg consumption effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors and the relationship between egg consumption with risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, hypertension, and also to briefly discuss cardiovascular implications of egg consumption in individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Additionally, we provide a framework for health professionals when counseling patients on egg consumption as it relates to cardiovascular disease risk, and highlight areas where evidence is inconclusive and in need of future investigation.

Recent Findings

The relationship between egg consumption and cardiovascular diseases remains an area of significant debate among health professionals, as historically, eggs have been seen as potentially harmful if consumed frequently. The majority of existing evidence supports that assertion that moderate egg consumption of up to one egg per day in otherwise healthy individuals is not associated with a higher risk of ASCVD. In fact, eggs are a nutritious staple food that can be consumed in moderation in healthy individuals.

Summary

Diet is all about balance. Moderate egg consumption, i.e., up to one egg per day, is not associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Besides, eggs are an affordable food with a high content of many important nutrients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Agriculture UDSA. How many eggs do Americans eat each year? https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/How-many-eggs-do-Americans-eat-each-year. Accessed 24 Oct 2020.

  2. Huang X, Ahn DU. How can the value and use of egg yolk be increased? J Food Sci. Feb 2019;84(2):205–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. McNamara DJ. The fifty year rehabilitation of the egg. Nutrients. 2015;7(10):8716–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105429.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Carson JAS, Lichtenstein AH, Anderson CAM, et al. Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(3):e39–53. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000743.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. https://health.gov/our-work/food-nutrition/2015-2020-dietary-guidelines/guidelines/. Accessed 3/7/2021.

  6. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;140(11):e596–646. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000678.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082–143. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Spence JD, Jenkins D. Cardiovascular benefit of egg consumption is most unlikely. Heart. Nov 2018;104(21):1805–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. The debate over egg consumption and incident cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000000325.

  10. Katan MB, Beynen AC, de Vries JH, Nobels A. Existence of consistent hypo- and hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol in man. Am J Epidemiol. Feb 1986;123(2):221–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Beynen AC, Katan MB, Van Zutphen LF. Hypo- and hyperresponders: individual differences in the response of serum cholesterol concentration to changes in diet. Adv Lipid Res. 1987;22:115–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-024922-0.50008-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ordovas JM. The genetics of serum lipid responsiveness to dietary interventions. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(1):171–87. https://doi.org/10.1079/pns19990023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ. Genetic determinants of plasma lipid response to dietary intervention: the role of the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster and the APOE gene. Br J Nutr. 2000;83(Suppl 1):S127–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001069.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Levy Y, Maor I, Presser D, Aviram M. Consumption of eggs with meals increases the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40(5):243–51. https://doi.org/10.1159/000177964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Schwab US, Ausman LM, Vogel S, Li Z, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Goldin BR, et al. Dietary cholesterol increases the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Atherosclerosis. 2000;149(1):83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00310-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Terasaka N, Yu S, Yvan-Charvet L, Wang N, Mzhavia N, Langlois R, et al. ABCG1 and HDL protect against endothelial dysfunction in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(11):3701–13. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci35470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(3):350–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00760-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Njike V, Faridi Z, Dutta S, Gonzalez-Simon AL, Katz DL. Daily egg consumption in hyperlipidemic adults--effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk. Nutr J. 2010;9:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Tang H, Cao Y, Yang X, Zhang Y. Egg consumption and stroke risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Front Nutr. 2020;7:153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S76–99. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jacobson TA, Maki KC, Orringer CE, et al. National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 2. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(6 Suppl):S1-122.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2015.09.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food Data Central: eggs, grade A, large, egg whole. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/748967/nutrients. Accessed 3/7/2021.

  23. Xiao N, Zhao Y, Yao Y, et al. Biological activities of egg yolk lipids: a review. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(7):1948–57. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06616.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Egg markets overview: a weekly publication of the USDA AMS Livestock and Poultry Program, Agricultural Analytics Division. https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Egg%20Markets%20Overview.pdf. Accessed 24 Oct 2020.

  25. Hopkins PN. Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(6):1060–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1060.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE. Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. Am J Clin Nutr. Jun 1993;57(6):875–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.6.875.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. Bmj. 1997;314(7074):112–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7074.112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(6):1747–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1747.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Urgert R, Katan MB. Differences between men and women in the response of serum cholesterol to dietary changes. Eur J Clin Invest. 1999;29(10):827–34. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00524.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(5):885–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.5.885.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Reaven GM, Abbasi F, Bernhart S, Coulston A, Darnell B, Dashti N, et al. Insulin resistance, dietary cholesterol, and cholesterol concentration in postmenopausal women. Metabolism. 2001;50(5):594–7. https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2001.22559.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Quig DW, Thye FW, Ritchey SJ, Herbert WG, Clevidence BA, Reynolds LK, et al. Effects of short-term aerobic conditioning and high cholesterol feeding on plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in sedentary young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;38(6):825–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/38.6.825.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Johnson C, Greenland P. Effects of exercise, dietary cholesterol, and dietary fat on blood lipids. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(1):137–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rouhani MH, Rashidi-Pourfard N, Salehi-Abargouei A, Karimi M, Haghighatdoost F. Effects of egg consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta- analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018;37(2):99–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1366878.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wilson PW. High-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66(6):7a-10a. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)90562-f.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Khalighi Sikaroudi M, Soltani S, Kolahdouz-Mohammadi R, Clayton ZS, Fernandez ML, Varse F, et al. The responses of different dosages of egg consumption on blood lipid profile: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Food Biochem. 2020;44(8):e13263. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gardner CD, Crimarco A, Landry MJ, Fielding-Singh P. Nutrition study design issues-important issues for interpretation. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(8):951–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117120960580d.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. •• Tang WH, Wang Z, Levison BS, et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(17):1575–84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109400. Findings from this study suggest that TMAO from dietary phosphatidylcholine is dependent on metabolism by the intestinal microbiota and increased TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular events.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Zhu C, Sawrey-Kubicek L, Bardagjy AS, Houts H, Tang X, Sacchi R, et al. Whole egg consumption increases plasma choline and betaine without affecting TMAO levels or gut microbiome in overweight postmenopausal women. Nutr Res. 2020;78:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.04.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lemos BS, Medina-Vera I, Malysheva OV, Caudill MA, Fernandez ML. Effects of egg consumption and choline supplementation on plasma choline and trimethylamine-N-oxide in a young population. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018;37(8):716–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1466213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. DiMarco DM, Missimer A, Murillo AG, et al. Intake of up to 3 eggs/day increases HDL cholesterol and plasma choline while plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide is unchanged in a healthy population. Lipids. 2017;52(3):255–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-017-4230-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Missimer A, Fernandez ML, DiMarco DM, et al. Compared to an oatmeal breakfast, two eggs/day increased plasma carotenoids and choline without increasing trimethyl amine N-oxide concentrations. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018;37(2):140–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2017.1365026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Allenspach M, von Eckardstein A, Muller D. Plasma concentrations of trimethylamine-N-oxide are directly associated with dairy food consumption and low-grade inflammation in a German adult population. J Nutr. 2016;146(2):283–9. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.220103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kuhn T, Rohrmann S, Sookthai D, et al. Intra-individual variation of plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), betaine and choline over 1 year. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(2):261–8. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2016-0374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Qureshi AI, Suri FK, Ahmed S, Nasar A, Divani AA, Kirmani JF. Regular egg consumption does not increase the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13(1):Cr1-8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Djousse L, Gaziano JM. Egg consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Physicians’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):964–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Zazpe I, Beunza JJ, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al. Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in the SUN Project. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65(6):676–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Larsson SC, Akesson A, Wolk A. Egg consumption and risk of heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke: results from 2 prospective cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5):1007–13. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.119263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Diez-Espino J, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Salas-Salvado J, et al. Egg consumption and cardiovascular disease according to diabetic status: the PREDIMED study. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):1015–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Farvid MS, Malekshah AF, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Sepanlou SG, Sharafkhah M, et al. Dietary protein sources and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Golestan Cohort Study in Iran. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(2):237–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.041.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Nakamura Y, Okamura T, Kita Y, et al. Re-evaluation of the associations of egg intake with serum total cholesterol and cause-specific and total mortality in Japanese women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72(6):841–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0051-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Qin C, Lv J, Guo Y, Bian Z, Si J, Yang L, et al. Associations of egg consumption with cardiovascular disease in a cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. Heart. Nov 2018;104(21):1756–63. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Cornelis MC, et al. Associations of dietary cholesterol or egg consumption with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality. Jama. 2019;321(11):1081–95. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.1572.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. •• Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of egg intake with blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 177,000 people in 50 countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(4):795–803. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz348. Findings from this study suggest that no significant associations between egg intake and blood lipids, mortality, or major CVD events.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Rong Y, Chen L, Zhu T, et al. Egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: dose- response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Bmj. 2013;346:e8539. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e8539.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Xu L, Lam TH, Jiang CQ, Zhang WS, Zhu F, Jin YL, et al. Egg consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study and meta-analyses. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(2):785–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1692-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Alexander DD, Miller PE, Vargas AJ, Weed DL, Cohen SS. Meta-analysis of egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(8):704–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2016.1152928.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Pencina MJ, Banach M. Egg consumption and risk of total and cause-specific mortality: an individual-based cohort study and pooling prospective studies on behalf of the Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019;38(6):552–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1534620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Drouin-Chartier JP, Schwab AL, Chen S, et al. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from 3 large US cohort studies of men and women and a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(3):619–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Krittanawong C, Narasimhan B, Wang Z, et al. Association between egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.046.

  61. Godos J, Micek A, Brzostek T, et al. Egg consumption and cardiovascular risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Nutr. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02345-7.

  62. Takagi H, Hari Y, Nakashima K, Kuno T, Ando T. Egg consumption and coronary artery disease: a nice knockdown argument. Angiology. 2020;71(7):589–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319719897493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Xia PF, Pan XF, Chen C, Wang Y, Ye Y, Pan A. Dietary intakes of eggs and cholesterol in relation to all-cause and heart disease mortality: a prospective cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(10):e015743. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.015743.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Drouin-Chartier JP, Chen S, Li Y, et al. Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: three large prospective US cohort studies, systematic review, and updated meta- analysis. Bmj. 2020;368:m513. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m513.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Nakamura Y, Iso H, Kita Y, Ueshima H, Okada K, Konishi M, et al. Egg consumption, serum total cholesterol concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(5):921–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061937.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Haring B, Gronroos N, Nettleton JA, von Ballmoos MC, Selvin E, Alonso A. Dietary protein intake and coronary heart disease in a large community based cohort: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study [corrected]. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e109552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Virtanen JK, Mursu J, Virtanen HE, et al. Associations of egg and cholesterol intakes with carotid intima-media thickness and risk of incident coronary artery disease according to apolipoprotein E phenotype in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):895–901. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.122317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Chagas P, Caramori P, Galdino TP, Barcellos Cda S, Gomes I, Schwanke CH. Egg consumption and coronary atherosclerotic burden. Atherosclerosis. 2013;229(2):381–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Goldberg S, Gardener H, Tiozzo E, Ying Kuen C, Elkind MSV, Sacco RL, et al. Egg consumption and carotid atherosclerosis in the Northern Manhattan study. Atherosclerosis. 2014;235(2):273–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Robbins JM, Petrone AB, Ellison RC, Hunt SC, Carr JJ, Heiss G, et al. Association of egg consumption and calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Espen j. 2014;9(3):e131–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnme.2014.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Choi Y, Chang Y, Lee JE, Chun S, Cho J, Sung E, et al. Egg consumption and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic men and women. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):305–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sauvaget C, Nagano J, Allen N, Grant EJ, Beral V. Intake of animal products and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(4):536–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Bernstein AM, Pan A, Rexrode KM, Stampfer M, Hu FB, Mozaffarian D, et al. Dietary protein sources and the risk of stroke in men and women. Stroke. 2012;43(3):637–44. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.111.633404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Abdollahi AM, Virtanen HEK, Voutilainen S, et al. Egg consumption, cholesterol intake, and risk of incident stroke in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(1):169–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz066.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. • Djousse L, Gaziano JM. Egg consumption and risk of heart failure in the Physicians’ Health Study. Circulation. 2008;117(4):512–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.734210. Findings from this study suggest that infrequent egg consumption is not associated with the risk of heart failure.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Loehr LR, Rosamond WD, Folsom AR. Incident heart failure is associated with lower whole-grain intake and greater high-fat dairy and egg intake in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(11):1881–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.08.015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. MacDonald CJ, Madika AL, Bonnet F, Fagherazzi G, Lajous M, Boutron-Ruault MC. Cholesterol and egg intakes, and risk of hypertension in a large prospective cohort of French women. Nutrients. 2020;12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051350.

  78. Zhang Y, Zhang DZ. Red meat, poultry, and egg consumption with the risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2018;32(7):507–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0068-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wang MX, Wong CH, Kim JE. Impact of whole egg intake on blood pressure, lipids and lipoproteins in middle-aged and older population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(7):653–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.04.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kolahdouz-Mohammadi R, Malekahmadi M, Clayton ZS, et al. Effect of egg consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(3):24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-020-1029-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Joshua Hahn, Hani Jneid, Salim S. Virani & Chayakrit Krittanawong

  2. Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Joshua Hahn, Hani Jneid, Salim S. Virani & Chayakrit Krittanawong

  3. Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Mahshid Dehghan

  4. Nutrition, Health, and Society (NUTRISS) Research Centre, Institute on nutrition and functional foods (INAF), Faculty of pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier

  5. Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

    Robert J. Mentz

  6. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    W. H. Wilson Tang

Authors
  1. Joshua Hahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mahshid Dehghan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert J. Mentz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hani Jneid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Salim S. Virani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. W. H. Wilson Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Chayakrit Krittanawong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors had access to the data and contributed significantly to the work and a role in writing the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chayakrit Krittanawong.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Krittanawong discloses the following relationships – Member of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Task Force on Performance Measures, The Lancet Digital Health (Advisory Board), European Heart Journal Digital Health (Editorial board), Journal of the American Heart Association (Editorial board), JACC: Asia (Section Editor), and The Journal of Scientific Innovation in Medicine (Associate Editor). Dr. Virani discloses the following relationships: Grant support: Department of Veterans Affairs, World Heart Federation, and Tahir and Jooma Family; Honorarium: American College of Cardiology (Associate Editor for Innovations, acc.org).

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Cardiovascular Care

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hahn, J., Dehghan, M., Drouin-Chartier, JP. et al. Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: a Critical Review. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep 9, 25–37 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40138-021-00225-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40138-021-00225-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation