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Liver Organoids: Formation Strategies and Biomedical Applications

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Aims and scope

Abstract

The liver is the most important digestive organ in the body. Several studies have explored liver biology and diseases related to the liver. However, most of these studies have only explored liver development, mechanism of liver regeneration and pathophysiology of liver diseases mainly based on two-dimensional (2D) cell lines and animal models. Traditional 2D cell lines do not represent the complex three-dimensional tissue architecture whereas animal models are limited by inter-species differences. These shortcomings limit understanding of liver biology and diseases. Liver organoid technology is effective in elucidating structural and physiological characteristics and basic tissue-level functions of liver tissue. In this review, formation strategies and a wide range of applications in biomedicine of liver organoid are summarized. Liver organoids are derived from single type cell culture, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells, primary hepatocytes, and primary cholangiocytes and multi-type cells co-culture, such as iPSC-derived hepatic endoderm cells co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord-derived endothelial cells. In vitro studies report that liver organoids are a promising model for regenerative medicine, organogenesis, liver regeneration, disease modelling, drug screening and personalized treatment. Liver organoids are a promising in vitro model for basic research and for development of clinical therapeutic interventions for hepatopathy.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Mengyu Gao, Wanliu Peng and Qiong Wu for their ideas assistance. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, NO. 81770618; Key R&D (Major Science and Technology Project) Project of Sichuan Science and Technology Department, NO.2019YFS0138; The Technological Innovation Project of Chengdu New Industrial Technology Research Institute, NO. 2018-CY02-00046-GX; The 1.3.5 project for disciplines of excellence, West China Hospital, NO.ZYGD18012.

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  1. Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China

    Xinglong Zhu, Bingqi Zhang, Yuting He & Ji Bao

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Xinglong Zhu, Bingqi Zhang and Ji Bao designed the research; Xinglong Zhu, Bingqi Zhang and Yuting He contributed to literature selection and data extraction; Xinglong Zhu and Bingqi Zhang drafted the original manuscript; All authors have read the final article and approved the publication of the manuscript.

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Zhu, X., Zhang, B., He, Y. et al. Liver Organoids: Formation Strategies and Biomedical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 18, 573–585 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-021-00357-w

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