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Bibliometric analysis on hydrogen and ammonia: a comparative evaluation for achieving IMO’s decarbonization targets

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Abstract

In the last decade, shipping emissions have emerged as a prominent contributor to climate change. In 2018, the IMO introduced a strategy encompassing short-, mid-, and long-term actions to address this issue. Future studies should prioritize clean alternative fuels to ensure adequate implementation supports the strategy's long-term objectives, effectively reducing shipping emissions. This study aimed to present a comprehensive evaluation of the carbon–neutral alternative fuels hydrogen and ammonia for reducing CO2 emissions from ships. Moreover, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using data obtained from the SCOPUS database to comprehend relevant topics, enhance collaboration networks, and determine research focal points. A total of 920 journal articles published from 2000 to December 2022 were retrieved and evaluated. The findings revealed that after the 2015 Paris Agreement and the IMO vision of 2018, the number of publications increased exponentially, leading to a continuous increase in the total number of publications to date. The searches conducted in the Scopus database using the keywords “alternative fuels”, “hydrogen” and “ammonia” in relation to maritime transportation indicate that researchers from the United States, China, and the United Kingdom collectively contributed to approximately 50% of the total scientific publications. The findings of this study shed light on the current state of research on hydrogen and ammonia as alternative fuels in the context of maritime transportation, providing invaluable references and insights to guide future studies, with the IMO’s net-zero carbon emission targets serving as a critical cornerstone for identifying key research directions.

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Data availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

CAGR:

Compound annual growth rate

CCUS:

Carbon capture, use and storage

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

DOE:

Department of Energy

EGR:

Exhaust Gas Recirculation

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

GWP:

Global warming potential

HB:

Haber–Bosch

HHV:

Higher heating value

ICE:

Internal combustion engine

IF:

Impact factors

IMO:

International Maritime Organization

HFO:

Heavy fuel oil

LCA:

Life cycle analysis

LHV:

Lower heating value

LNG:

Liquefied natural gas

LPG:

Liquefied petroleum gas

LSFO:

Low Sulphur Fuel Oil

MARPOL:

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

MDO:

Marine diesel oil

MGO:

Marine gas oil

NH3:

Ammonia

NO:

Nitric oxide

NO2:

Nitrogen dioxide

PM:

Particulate matter

ppm:

Parts per million

R&D:

Research and development

SFOC:

Specific fuel oil consumption

SO2:

Sulfur Dioxide

SOFC:

Solid oxide fuel cell

Tpc:

Total publication of a given country

Tpi:

Total publication of a given institutions

USD:

United States Dollar

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  1. Marine Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

    H. Elçiçek

  2. Maritime Higher Vocational School, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey

    H. Elçiçek

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Elçiçek, H. Bibliometric analysis on hydrogen and ammonia: a comparative evaluation for achieving IMO’s decarbonization targets. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 7039–7060 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05450-2

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