Abstract
Epilepsy affects 50 million patients and their caregivers worldwide. Devices that facilitate the detection of seizures can have a large influence on a patient’s quality of life, therapeutic decisions and the conduct of clinical trials with anti-epileptic drugs. This article provides an up-to-date overview and comparison between wearable seizure detection devices (WSDDs), taking into account the newly proposed standards for testing and clinical validation of devices. 16 devices were included in our comparison. The F1-score, combining the device’s accurate recall and precision, was calculated for each of these devices and used to evaluate their performance. The devices were separated by development phase and ranked by F1-score from highest to lowest. We describe 16 WSDDs: 6 of which were accelerometry (ACM)-based, 3 surface electromyography-based, 1 was a wearable application of EEG, 4 had multimodal sensors and 2 other types of sensors. We observed a significant inconsistency in the description of performance measures. The devices in the most advanced development phase with the highest F1-scores incorporated ACM- and sEMG-based sensors to detect tonic–clonic seizures. This review highlights the importance of implementing standards for an optimal comparison and, therefore, improving the research and development of WSDDs. WSDDs can improve the patient’s care and quality of life, decrease seizure underreporting and they could potentially prevent sudden-unexpected-death in epilepsy. We discuss the central role of the neurologist in the use of WSDDs, and why a business to business to consumer model is better than the current business to consumer model of most WSDDs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramovici S, Bagić A (2016) Epidemiology of epilepsy. Handb Clin Neurol 138(1):159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2015.11.003
Ryvlin P, Ciumas C, Wisniewski I, Beniczky S (2017) Wearable devices for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy prevention. Epilepsia 2018(59):61–66
Elger CE, Hoppe C (2018) Diagnostic challenges in epilepsy: seizure under-reporting and seizure detection. Lancet Neurol 17(3):279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30038-3
Beniczky S, Ryvlin P (2017) Standards for testing and clinical validation of seizure detection devices. Epilepsia 2018(59):9–13
Kurada AV, Srinivasan T, Hammond S, Ulate-Campos A, Bidwell J (2019) Seizure detection devices for use in antiseizure medication clinical trials: a systematic review. Seizure 66:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2019.02.007
Patterson AL, Mudigoudar B, Fulton S, McGregor A, Van PK, Wheless MC et al (2015) SmartWatch by SmartMonitor: assessment of seizure detection efficacy for various seizure types in children, a large prospective single-center study. Pediatr Neurol 53(4):309–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.07.002
Schulc E, Unterberger I, Saboor S, Hilbe J, Ertl M, Ammenwerth E et al (2011) Measurement and quantification of generalized tonic–clonic seizures in epilepsy patients by means of accelerometry—an explorative study. Epilepsy Res 95(1–2):173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.02.010
Kusmakar S, Member S, Karmakar CK, Yan B, Brien TJO, Muthuganapathy R et al (2019) Automated detection of convulsive seizures using a wearable accelerometer device. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 66(2):421–432
Johansson D, Ohlsson F, Krýsl D, Rydenhag B, Czarnecki M, Gustafsson N et al (2019) Tonic–clonic seizure detection using accelerometry-based wearable sensors: a prospective, video-EEG controlled study. Seizure 65:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2018.12.024
Kramer U, Kipervasser S, Shlitner A, Kuzniecky R (2011) A novel portable seizure detection alarm system: preliminary results recording. Development 28(1):36–38
Beniczky S, Polster T, Kjaer TW, Hjalgrim H (2013) Detection of generalized tonic–clonic seizures by a wireless wrist accelerometer: a prospective, multicenter study. Epilepsia 54(4):58–61
Meritam P, Ryvlin P, Beniczky S (2017) User-based evaluation of applicability and usability of a wearable accelerometer device for detecting bilateral tonic–clonic seizures: a field study. Epilepsia 2018(59):48–52
Borusiak P, Bast T, Kluger G, Weidenfeld A, Langer T, Jenke ACW et al (2016) A longitudinal, randomized, and prospective study of nocturnal monitoring in children and adolescents with epilepsy: effects on quality of life and sleep. Epilepsy Behav 61:192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.05.035
Beniczky S, Conradsen I, Henning O, Fabricius M, Wolf P (2018) Automated real-time detection of tonic–clonic seizures using a wearable EMG device. Neurology 90(5):e428–e434
Conradsen I, Beniczky S, Wolf P, Jennum P, Sorensen HBD (2012) Evaluation of novel algorithm embedded in a wearable sEMG device for seizure detection. Proc Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc EMBS 2012:2048–2051
Szabõ CÁ, Morgan LC, Karkar KM, Leary LD, Lie OV, Girouard M et al (2015) Electromyography-based seizure detector: preliminary results comparing a generalized tonic–clonic seizure detection algorithm to video-EEG recordings. Epilepsia 56(9):1432–1437
Halford JJ, Sperling MR, Nair DR, Dlugos DJ, Tatum WO, Harvey J et al (2017) Detection of generalized tonic–clonic seizures using surface electromyographic monitoring. Epilepsia 58(11):1861–1869
Ahmed A, Ahmad W, Khan MJ, Siddiqui SA, Cheema HM (2017) A wearable sensor based multi-criteria-decision-system for real-time seizure detection. Proc Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc EMBS 2017:2377–2380
Arends J, Thijs RD, Gutter T, Ungureanu C, Cluitmans P, Van Dijk J et al (2018) Multimodal nocturnal seizure detection in a residential care setting. Neurology 91(21):e2010–e2019
Regalia G, Onorati F, Lai M, Caborni C, Picard RW (2019) Multimodal wrist-worn devices for seizure detection and advancing research: focus on the Empatica wristbands. Epilepsy Res 153:79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.02.007
Poh MZ, Loddenkemper T, Reinsberger C, Swenson NC, Goyal S, Sabtala MC et al (2012) Convulsive seizure detection using a wrist-worn electrodermal activity and accelerometry biosensor. Epilepsia 53(5):93–97
Mckenzie ED, Lim ASP, Leung ECW, Cole AJ, Lam AD, Eloyan A et al (2017) Validation of a smartphone-based EEG among people with epilepsy: a prospective study. Sci Rep 7:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45567
Jeppesen J, Beniczky S, Johansen P, Sidenius P, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A (2015) Exploring the capability of wireless near infrared spectroscopy as a portable seizure detection device for epilepsy patients. Seizure 26:43–48
De Cooman T, Varon C, Hunyadi B, Van Paesschen W, Lagae L, Van Huffel S (2017) Online automated seizure detection in temporal lobe epilepsy patients using single-lead ECG. Int J Neural Syst 27(07):1750022
Gu Y, Cleeren E, Dan J, Claes K, Van Paesschen W, Van Huffel S et al (2018) Comparison between scalp EEG and behind-the-ear EEG for development of a wearable seizure detection system for patients with focal epilepsy. Sensors (Switzerland) 18(1):1–17
Vandecasteele K, De Cooman T, Dan J et al (2020) Visual seizure annotation and automated seizure detection using behind-the-ear EEG channels. Epilepsia 61(4):766–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16470
De Cooman T, Vandecasteele K, Varon C, Hunyadi B, Cleeren E, Van Paesschen W et al (2020) Personalizing heart rate based seizure detection using supervised SVM transfer learning. Front Neurol 11:1–9
Sim I (2019) Mobile devices and health. N Engl J Med 381:956–968
Hoppe C, Feldmann M, Blachut B, Surges R, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C (2015) Novel techniques for automated seizure registration: Patients’ wants and needs. Epilepsy Behav 52:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.08.006
Fisher RS, Cross JH, D’Souza C, French JA, Haut SR, Higurashi N et al (2017) Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia 58(4):531–542
Van Paesschen W (2018) The future of seizure detection. Lancet Neurol 17(3):200–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30034-6
Sveinsson O, Andersson T, Mattsson P, Carlsson S, Tomson T (2020) Clinical risk factors in SUDEP: a nationwide population-based case–control study. Neurology 94(4):e419–e429
Okanari K, Otsubo H, Kouzmitcheva E, Rangrej J, Baba S, Ochi A et al (2017) Ictal symmetric tonic extension posturing and postictal generalized EEG suppression arising from sleep in children with epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 76:54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.06.018
Ryvlin P, Nashef L, Lhatoo SD, Bateman LM, Bird J, Bleasel A et al (2013) Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units (MORTEMUS): a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol 12(10):966–977
Picard RW, Migliorini M (2017) Clinical/scientific notes. Neurology 89(6):633–636
Van de Vel A, Cuppens K, Bonroy B, Milosevic M, Jansen K, Van Huffel S et al (2016) Non-EEG seizure detection systems and potential SUDEP prevention: state of the art: review and update. Seizure 41:141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.07.012
Ulate-Campos A, Coughlin F, Gaínza-Lein M, Fernández IS, Pearl PL, Loddenkemper T (2016) Automated seizure detection systems and their effectiveness for each type of seizure. Seizure 40:88–101
Cook MJ, O’Brien TJ, Berkovic SF, Murphy M, Morokoff A, Fabinyi G et al (2013) Prediction of seizure likelihood with a long-term, implanted seizure advisory system in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a first-in-man study. Lancet Neurol 12(6):563–571
Funding
EIT Health (Grant/Award Number: 19263 SeizeIT2).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Not applicable.
Ethics approval
The study was approved by ethische commissie onderzoek UZ/KU Leuven.
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Code availability.
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Verdru, J., Van Paesschen, W. Wearable seizure detection devices in refractory epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg 120, 1271–1281 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-020-01417-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-020-01417-z