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A review on photocatalytic hydrogen production potential from paper and pulp industry wastewater

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Abstract

The paper and pulp industry stands out to be one of the industries that are growing at a fast pace. Besides their characteristics such as high water consumption of 695.7 million m3 per year and subsequent high energy consumption, there are plenty of environmental impacts arising from this industry. Approximately 300 different types of harmful organic pollutants such as phenols, dioxins, and other organic substances are the significant effluents of the paper and pulp industry. As per the regulations set by the world health organization (WHO), the permissible limit of such pollutants is less than 1 ppm. Since the complete degradation of these pollutants is difficult to achieve using conventional techniques, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely being used as promising alternatives. On the other hand, depleting non-renewable energy resources are forcing industries to look for energy-efficient technologies. Photocatalysis is one such AOPs, which has the potential to solve the energy-wastewater nexus and is the primary focus of this review in terms of waste treatment from the paper and pulp industry. The photocatalytic materials induce photoreactions by receiving photon energy from light. However, harnessing light energy to the fullest is a challenge owing to the limited share of UV spectrum in sunlight. Different composite photocatalysts at different loadings, pollutant concentrations, and contact time along with their respective efficiencies are reported. The enhancement in thermodynamic driving force due to shift in Fermi energy levels with a suitable example is explained. The dependence of photocatalysis on various factors such as organic species, temperature, and light intensity makes it tough to predict the precise kinetic model in real-life experiments. The hydrogen production from the degradation of organic pollutants was discussed vividly and by optimization of the processes, an estimated amount of 0.45% of the total world’s energy could be produced from the paper and pulp industry alone.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Director of BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, for support in using the institutional infrastructure during the preparation of this paper.

Funding

The authors received funding for this work from SERB-DST (EMR/2016/003370), the Government of India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, 403726, India

    Aashish Moses, Janaki Komandur, Dileep Maarisetty & Saroj Sundar Baral

  2. Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752054, India

    Priyabrat Mohapatra

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Contributions

Aashish Moses: Conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing-original draft preparation.

Janaki Komandur: data curation, validation, writing-reviewing and editing.

Dileep Maarisetty: data curation, validation, writing-reviewing and editing.

Priyabrat Mohapatra: supervision, writing-reviewing and editing.

Saroj Sundar Baral: supervision, visualization, investigation, data curation, writing-original draft preparation.

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Correspondence to Saroj Sundar Baral.

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Moses, A., Komandur, J., Maarisetty, D. et al. A review on photocatalytic hydrogen production potential from paper and pulp industry wastewater. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 3135–3159 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02658-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02658-z

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