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Effect of tasteless calorie-free gum chewing before meal on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones in Japanese men without diagnosed glucose metabolism disorder: a pilot randomized crossover trial

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Abstract

This pilot study aimed to examine the effect of pre-meal tasteless calorie-free gum chewing on post-meal blood levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones. This was an open-label, randomized, 2-sequence, 3-period, 2-treatment crossover trial with a 1:1 allocation. Sixteen Japanese adult male volunteers aged between 30 and 49 years without diagnosed glucose metabolism disorder were enrolled. Ingestion of 200-g cooked rice after 15-min tasteless calorie-free gum chewing (GUM+ treatment) was compared to that without preceding gum chewing (GUM− treatment). Cooked rice was divided into twelve equally sized portions and consumed by chewing each portion 30 times before swallowing. Treatment sessions were separated by an at least 1-week interval and attended after an overnight fast. Circulating levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, active glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and ghrelin were measured at baseline (before treatment) and 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after completion of the meal ingestion, and the postprandial change from baseline was assessed. As a result, the change in glucose levels at 0 min was significantly lower in the GUM+ treatment than in the GUM− treatment (P = 0.004). Furthermore, the GUM+ treatment demonstrated higher incremental insulin levels at 15 min (P = 0.041) and higher incremental active GLP-1 levels at 30 and 60 min (P = 0.018 and 0.021, respectively); whereas, postprandial glucagon and ghrelin levels were not significantly different. In conclusion, the current pilot study demonstrated that tasteless calorie-free gum chewing before rice eating had a significant but limited impact on the increase of postprandial active GLP-1 levels in male individuals without diagnosed glucose metabolism disorder.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the assistance of Soiken Inc., Tokyo, Japan, the contract research organization that contributed to the data management and data analysis in the current study.

Funding

The current study, sponsored by the Osaka Association of General Physician, was funded by LOTTE Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Mitsuyoshi Takahara and Masahiro Fukuda have equally contributed to this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Mitsuyoshi Takahara

  2. Fukuda Clinic, 1-6-1 Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Osaka, 532-0003, Japan

    Masahiro Fukuda

  3. Sumitomo Hospital, 5-3-20 Nakanoshima, Osaka, Osaka, 530-0005, Japan

    Yuji Matsuzawa

  4. Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Iichiro Shimomura

Authors
  1. Mitsuyoshi Takahara
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  2. Masahiro Fukuda
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  3. Yuji Matsuzawa
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  4. Iichiro Shimomura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mitsuyoshi Takahara.

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Conflict of interest

Mitsuyoshi Takahara is a staff member of the endowed chair (Department of Diabetes Care Medicine) which received funds from AstraZeneca K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., MSD K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Novo Nordisk Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., and Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co.. Masahiro Fukuda has received honoraria from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Sanofi K.K., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., and has received research funding from Astellas Pharma, LOTTE Co., Novo Nordisk Pharma, and Sanofi K.K.. Yuji Matsuzawa declares that he has no conflict of interest. Iichiro Shimomura has received honoraria from Astellas Pharma, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kowa Co., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., MSD K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Novo Nordisk Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Sanofi K.K., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., and has received subsides or donations from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Kowa Co., Kyowa Kirin Co., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., MSD K.K., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., Novo Nordisk Pharma, Ono pharmaceutical Co., Sanofi K.K., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Teijin Pharma, and Terumo Corporation.

Human rights statement and informed consent

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and/or with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Informed consent or substitute for it was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

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Takahara, M., Fukuda, M., Matsuzawa, Y. et al. Effect of tasteless calorie-free gum chewing before meal on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones in Japanese men without diagnosed glucose metabolism disorder: a pilot randomized crossover trial. Diabetol Int 11, 394–402 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-020-00435-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-020-00435-9

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