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Phylogeny of the Acarosporaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi) and the evolution of carbonized ascomata

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Abstract

The phylogeny of the Acarosporaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Acarosporomycetidae, Acarosporales) is investigated using data from three molecular markers; nuclear ITS-LSU rDNA, mitochondrial SSU and β-tubulin. Acarosporaceae is shown to be constituted by six main clades; Myriospora, Timdalia, Pleopsidium, a clade composed by “Acarospora” rhizobola and “A.” terricola, the poorly supported Sarcogyne clade (including several Polysporina and Acarospora species) and the Acarospora clade (including the type of Polysporina, P. simplex, and several other Polysporina species). The common ancestor of the Acarosporaceae did not produce strongly black pigmented (carbonized or melanized) ascomata, but this trait has arisen secondarily and independently numerous times in the evolution of the group. The number of changes in character states of both carbonized epihymenium and carbonized exciple are considerably more than the minimum number. The genera Sarcogyne and Polysporina—largely circumscribed based on the presence of black pigmented ascomata—are shown to be distinctly non-monophyletic. The presence of green algae in the ascoma margin (lecanorine or lecideine ascomata) may vary even within single species.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by grants to Martin Westberg by The Swedish Taxonomy Initiative (Svenska Artprojektet, administered by the Swedish Species Information Centre/ArtDatabanken) and was further supported by grants to Mats Wedin from the Swedish Research Council (VR 621-2009-5372, VR 621-2012-3990). The work of Kerry Knudsen was financially supported by the grant “Environmental aspects of sustainable development of society” 42900/1312/3166 from the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. We are grateful to the staff at the Molecular Systematics Laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History for laboratory assistance, in particular Jan Ohlson and Bodil Cronholm. Valerie Reeb kindly shared unpublished details from on her work on Acarosporaceae. The first author would finally like to thank Ulf Arup (LD), Philippe Clerc (G), Leif Tibell (UPS), Toni Berglund (Karlskoga) and members of the Swedish Lichen Society for assistance during field work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden

    Martin Westberg & Mats Wedin

  2. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933, Móstoles, Spain

    Ana M. Millanes

  3. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic

    Kerry Knudsen

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  1. Martin Westberg
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Correspondence to Martin Westberg.

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Suppl. Fig 1

Maximum likelihood best tree from the ITS dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% –using 1000 Bootstrap replicates – are indicated over branches. Branch lengths are scaled to the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. (PDF 299 kb)

Suppl. Fig 2

Maximum likelihood best tree from the nSLU dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% –using 1000 Bootstrap replicates – are indicated over branches. Branch lengths are scaled to the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. (PDF 268 kb)

Suppl. Fig 3

Maximum likelihood best tree from the mtSSU dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% –using 1000 Bootstrap replicates – are indicated over branches. Branch lengths are scaled to the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. (PDF 268 kb)

Suppl. Fig 4

Maximum likelihood best tree from the BT dataset. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% –using 1000 Bootstrap replicates – are indicated over branches. Branch lengths are scaled to the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site. (PDF 292 kb)

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Westberg, M., Millanes, A.M., Knudsen, K. et al. Phylogeny of the Acarosporaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi) and the evolution of carbonized ascomata. Fungal Diversity 73, 145–158 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0325-x

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