Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in sausages from Southern Brazil, evaluate virulence genes and determine the phenotypic and genotypic basis of antimicrobial and sanitizer resistance. Salmonella was detected in sausage samples with an overall prevalence of 5.5%. The prevalent serovars were S. Infantis and S. Rissen. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis yielded nine distinct PFGE profiles, and some of them were recurrently recovered in the same establishment on different dates. Among tested isolates, 28.5% showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent and a multidrug-resistance (MDR) profile was observed in 21.4%. Resistance occurred most frequently to ampicillin, sulfonamide, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Regarding the genotypic antimicrobial resistance profile, S. Schwarzengrund carried tet(B), strA, strB, and sul2 genes. Benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine were more effective than peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite, showing lower minimum inhibitory concentration values. Six Salmonella serovars were found, demonstrating a potential risk of salmonellosis associated with consuming this food. Salmonella carrying virulence genes, MDR profile, and tolerance to sanitizers is a public health concern and a challenge for the food industry, suggesting that new strategies should be developed to control this pathogen.
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Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
Abbreviations
- ATCC:
-
American type culture collection
- BKC:
-
Benzalkonium chloride
- CFU:
-
Colony-forming unit
- CLSI:
-
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
- CLX:
-
Chlorhexidine
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Kb:
-
Kilobase
- MDR:
-
Multidrug-resistance:
- PAC:
-
Peracetic acid
- PFGE:
-
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
- SH:
-
Sodium hypochlorite
- SPI:
-
Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands
- USA:
-
United States of America
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Acknowledgements
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD-CAPES), Pós-Doutorado Júnior (PDJ/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq [306367/2019-0]. We would also like to thank the Laboratório de Enterobactérias, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) for serotyping Salmonella spp. isolates.
Funding
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD-CAPES), Pós-Doutorado Júnior (PDJ/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq [306367/2019–0].\
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LKS and IBJ carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript; ASL was responsible for isolate Salmonella spp. analysed in this MS; LH and WPS conceived the idea of the MS; LH and ISK supervised the work and edited the manuscript; GVL and WPS edited and rectify the MS.
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Scheik, L.K., Jaskulski, I.B., de Lima, A.S. et al. Occurrence, genetic diversity and resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica from Brazilian sausages collected at production facilities. J Food Sci Technol 61, 53–61 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05809-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05809-w