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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secretion in arsenically safe pigmented red rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its product

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Abstract

Inhibition of DPP-4 and stimulation of GLP-1 secretion are therapeutic strategies for controlling glycaemia in type 2 diabetes. The present study assessed the DPP-4 inhibitory activity and GLP-1 secretory action of pigmented and non-pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.), along with an extruded food product. Cereal-based extruded food products, with or without passion fruit powder, were prepared from red rice using a twin extruder. Optimal extrusion conditions were determined using a CCD of response surface methodology resulting in optimal conditions to be 97.5 °C, a screw speed of 250 rpm, feed moisture of 25.2% and addition of 11.25% passion fruit powder. Samples were sequentially extracted in n-hexane, ethanol (50%) and water. Ethanol/water (50:50) extracts of rice bran significantly inhibited DPP-4 activity by 70.48 ± 1.06%, comparing favourably with RR (42.55 ± 0.84%), PRR (35.91 ± 1.27%) and PA (29.14 ± 1.23%). DPP-4 inhibitory activity was retained in both extruded products albeit at reduced levels. GLP-1 secretion was stimulated mostly by extruded products extracted with n-hexane or ethanol which upregulated basal secretion by 6.1-fold and 4.2-fold, respectively. ICP-MS results showed that extruded food items have a lower arsenic content. In conclusion, there are potential opportunities for the nutraceuticals and functional food products using pigmented red rice.

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Data availability

All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript. Further if any more data are required, it can be provided from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

Statistical analysis was conducted using Graph Pad Prism version 5 (Graph Pad Software, USA). All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and statistical comparisons were assessed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. A p-value less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

Abbreviations

DPP-4:

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma-mass-spectrometry

DMA:

Dimethyl arsenic acid

As III:

Arsenite

As V:

Arsenate

MMA:

Monomethyl arsonic acid

SEM:

Standard error of the mean

STC-1:

Secretin tumor cell line

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium

HEPES:

N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-Ethanesulfonic Acid

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunoassay.

RB:

Rice bran

RR:

Red rice

PRR:

Polished red rice

WR:

White rice

OE:

Optimized extrudate

CE:

Controlled extrudate

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Newton Bhabha PhD Placement Programme (F.No.BT/IN/UK/DBT-BC/

2015-16) in collaboration with Dept. of Biotechnology, India and British Council, U.K for providing financial support to D.S.

Funding

Newton Bhabha PhD Placement Programme (F.No.BT/IN/UK/DBT-BC/2015–16) in collaboration with Dept. of Biotechnology, India and British Council, U.K for a period of 6 months.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, 784028, India

    Duyi Samyor, Amit B. Das & Sankar C. Deka

  2. Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

    Duyi Samyor, Danielle Calderwood, Manus Carey & Brian D. Green

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  1. Duyi Samyor
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  4. Amit B. Das
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Contributions

DS, ABD and I (SCD) designed the experiments for optimization of process parameters using Design Expert 7 Version software. DS, DC, MC and BDG analysed and interpreted the data. DS drafted the manuscript and BDG and I edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.

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Correspondence to Sankar C. Deka.

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Samyor, D., Calderwood, D., Carey, M. et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secretion in arsenically safe pigmented red rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its product. J Food Sci Technol 59, 4016–4024 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05444-x

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