Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of different production systems, including organic, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and farmer's practices, on the biodiversity of pests and natural enemies in rice and cabbage fields. As noted more detail in the Supplementary Material section S.M.1, the study was conducted over three consecutive seasons during 2016–2018 in Coimbatore, Erode and The Nilgiris districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The rice field survey revealed the presence of 49 species belonging to 31 families under 10 orders, including Insecta, Arachnida, and Acari. Among these, 23 species were identified as pests, 23 as natural enemies, and the remaining as pollinators. The organic ecosystem exhibited the highest relative density, with Scirpophaga incertulas Walker being the most prevalent species in season I (67%), Cnaphalocrcis medinalis (Guenee) in season II (82%), and season III (65%). In cabbage fields, 19 pest species and 12 natural enemies belonging to the class Insecta and Arachnida were identified. The IPM farm showed the highest Shannon-Weiner index values in season I (3), season II (2), and season III (2). The relative density was highest for Plutella xylostella Linnaeus in all three seasons (37% in each season). The analysis of the impact of insecticide application on biodiversity indicated that the use of older and newer molecule insecticides had a negative influence on both pests and natural enemies in rice and cabbage fields. The older molecules showed a higher negative impact compared to newer molecules during all three seasons in rice ecosystems. Similarly, in cabbage ecosystems, the use of both older and newer molecule insecticides had a significant negative impact on pests and natural enemies in all three seasons. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing sustainable production systems in agriculture to minimize ecological disturbance while maintaining yield and quality.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to National Institute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad, India for the financial support to conduct the study and the Director, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, TNAU for providing facilities at Department of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU. We are grateful to the farmers of Coimbatore, Erode and The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India for accepting to sample their fields. We thank Dr. Mathew M. Joseph, Head, P.G. & Research Dept. of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Kochi—682 013, Kerala, INDIA for the identification of spiders and Dr. J. Poorani, Principal Scientist, National Research Center for Banana, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India for identifying coccinellids and syrphids.
Funding
This work was supported by National Institute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad, India under grant NIPHM/ CPPS/ CBE/ AEN/ 2016/ R010.
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The Author S.Karthikeyan is the one who did the original research and wrote the main manuscript text. The Authors J.S.Kennedy and K.Buvaneswari mentored the research plan and structuring of the manuscript. A. Suganthi helped in field selection and all authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Karthikeyan, S., Bhuvaneswari, K., Kennedy, J.S. et al. Biodiversity of pests and natural enemies in different production environments of rice and cabbage: impacts of insecticide application. Org. Agr. 14, 45–55 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-024-00454-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-024-00454-9