Abstract
The construction of terraces and vegetation restoration in the hillslope are major soil and water conservation measures on the Chinese Loess Plateau and contributed to the distribution patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN). Topography influences soil erosion and changes SOC and STN contents. However, little information is available regarding the effects of ecological construction and topography on SOC and STN. A study was undertaken in the Loess Plateau, to evaluate the effects of land use conversion and topographic factors on the topsoil SOC and STN content at three hillslope positions (upper, middle, and foot slopes) under four land uses types: artificial forest, grassland, terraced fields, and sloping cropland. The results showed that land use conversion from sloping cropland to artificial forest and grassland improved the SOC and STN content. Slope position was an important topographic factor governing the SOC and STN distribution at the slope scale in artificial forest, grassland, and sloping cropland, with the foot slope having the highest SOC and STN content, followed by the upper slope, while the middle slope had the lowest values. SOC and STN showed positive correlation with Caesium-137 (137Cs) content. Land use types, slope position, and soil erosion had significant relationships with SON and STN. The results suggested that vegetation restoration of sloping cropland will contribute to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration in the loess hilly region. The quantitative estimation of land use change and topography effects on SOC and STN could improve the accuracy of SOC and STN predictions in the region with a complex topography.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anh PTQ, Gomi T, MacDonald LH, Mizugaki S, Van Khoa P, Furuichi T (2014) Linkages among land use, macronutrient levels, and soil erosion in northern Vietnam: a plot-scale study. Geoderma 232:352–362
Cavalli D, Corti M, Baronchelli D, Bechini L, Marino Gallina P (2017) CO2 emissions and mineral nitrogen dynamics following application to soil of undigested liquid cattle manure and digestates. Geoderma 308:26–35
Chang R, Fu B, Liu G, Wang S, Yao X (2012) The effects of afforestation on soil organic and inorganic carbon: a case study of the Loess Plateau of China. Catena 95:145–152
Chang R, Jin T, Lü Y, Liu G, Fu B (2014) Soil carbon and nitrogen changes following afforestation of marginal cropland across a precipitation gradient in Loess Plateau of China. PLoS One 9(1):e85426
Chen L, Gong J, Fu B, Huang Z, Huang Y, Gui L (2007) Effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon sequestration in the loess hilly area, Loess Plateau of China. Ecol Res 22:641–648
Chen Y, Wang K, Lin Y, Shi W, Song Y, He X (2015) Balancing green and grain trade. Nat Geosci 8:739–741
Conti G, Kowaljow E, Baptist F, Rumpel C, Cuchietti A, Pérez Harguindeguy N, Díaz S (2016) Altered soil carbon dynamics under different land-use regimes in subtropical seasonally-dry forests of central Argentina. Plant Soil 403(1–2):375–387
Fernández-Romero M, Lozano-García B, Parras-Alcántara L (2014) Topography and land use change effects on the soil organic carbon stock of forest soils in Mediterranean natural areas. Agric Ecosyst Environ 195:1–9
Fu BJ, Wang YF, Lu YH, He CS, Chen LD, Song CJ (2009) The effects of land-use combinations on soil erosion: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Prog Phys Geog 33(6):793–804
Gregorich EG, Greer KJ, Anderson DW, Liang BC (1998) Carbon distribution and losses: erosion and deposition effects. Soil Till Res 47:291–302
Guo LB, Gifford RM (2002) Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Glob Change Biol 8(4):345–360
Hao Y, Lal R, Owens LB, Izaurralde RC, Post WM, Hothem DL (2002) Effect of cropland management and slope position on soil organic carbon pool at the North Appalachian Experimental Watersheds. Soil Till Res 68(2):133–142
Jafarian Z, Kavian A (2013) Effects of land-use change on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Commun Soil Sci Plan 44(1–4):339–346
Khormali F, Ajami M, Ayoubi S, Srinivasarao C, Wani SP (2009) Role of deforestation and hillslope position on soil quality attributes of loess-derived soils in Golestan province, Iran. Agric Ecosyst Environ 134(3):178–189
King J, Pregitzer K, Zak D, Sober J, Isebrands J, Dickson R, Karnosky D (2001) Fine-root biomass and fluxes of soil carbon in young stands of paper birch and trembling aspen as affected by elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3. Oecologia 128(2):237–250
Lacoste M, Viaud V, Michot D, Walter C (2015) Landscape-scale modelling of erosion processes and soil carbon dynamics under land-use and climate change in agroecosystems. Eur J Soil Sci 66(4):780–791
Li Q, Yu P, Li G, Zhou D, Chen X (2014) Overlooking soil erosion induces underestimation of the soil C loss in degraded land. Quatern Int 349:287–290
Li ZW, Nie XD, Chen XL, Lu YM, Jiang WG, ZengGM (2015) The effects of land use and landscape position on labile organic carbon and carbon management index in red soil hilly region, southern China. J Mt Sci Engl 12(3):626–636
Li Z, Liu C, Dong Y, Chang X, Nie X, Liu L, Xiao H, Lu Y, Zeng G (2017) Response of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks to soil erosion and land use types in the Loess hilly-gully region of China. Soil Till Res 166:1–9
Liang D, Fu B, Lü Y, Liu Y, Gao G, Li Y, Li Z (2012) Effects of retired steepland afforestation on soil properties: a case study in the Loess Plateau of China. Acta Agric Scand B SP 62(6):547–555
Llorente M, Glaser B, Turrión MB (2010) Storage of organic carbon and black carbon in density fractions of calcareous soils under different land uses. Geoderma 159(1):31–38
Monreal CM, Janzen HH (1993) Soil organic carbon dynamics after eighty years of cropping a dark brown Chernozem. Can J Soil Sci 73:133–136
Nadeu E, Van Oost K, Boix-Fayos C, de Vente J (2014) Importance of land use patterns for erosion-induced carbon fluxesin a Mediterranean catchment. Agric Ecosyst Environ 189:181–189
Ostle NJ, Levy PE, Evans CD, Smith P (2009) UK land use and soil carbon sequestration. Land Use Policy 26:274–283
Poeplau C, Don A (2013) Sensitivity of soil organic carbon stocks and fractions to different land-use changes across Europe. Geoderma 192:189–201
Polyakov V, Lal R (2004) Modeling soil organic matter dynamics as affected by soil water erosion. Environ Int 30(4):547–556
Posthumus H, Stroosnijder L (2010) To terrace or not: the short-term impact of bench terraces on soil properties and crop response in the Peruvian Andes. Environ Dev Sustain 12(2):263–276
Puget P, Lal R (2005) Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Mollisol in central Ohio as affected by tillage and land use. Soil Till Res 80(1):201–213
Ritchie JC, McCarty GW (2003) 137Cesium and soil carbon in a small agricultural watershed. Soil Till Res 69:45–51
Saikawa E, Prinn RG, Dlugokencky E (2014) Global and regional emissions estimates for N2O. Atmos Chem Phys 14(9):4617–4641
Schwanghart W, Jarmer T (2011) Linking spatial patterns of soil organic carbon to topography-a case study from south-eastern Spain. Geomorphology 126:252–263
Shi P, Huang Y, Chen H, Wang Y, Xiao J, Chen L (2015) Quantifying the effects of pipeline installation on agricultural productivity in West China. Agron J 107(2):524–531
Sims JR, Haby VA (1971) Simplified colorimetric determination of soil organic matter. Soil Sci 112:137–141
Song X, Peng C, Zhou G, Jiang H, Wang W (2014) Chinese Grain for Green Program led to highly increased soil organic carbon levels: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 4:4460
Sun WY, Shao QQ, Liu JY, Zhai J (2014) Assessing the effects of land use and topography on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in China. Catena 121:151–163
Sun W, Zhu H, Guo S (2015) Soil organic carbon as a function of land use and topography on the Loess Plateau of China. Ecol Eng 83:249–257
Tesfaye MA, Bravo F, Ruiz-Peinado R, Pando V, Bravo-Oviedo A (2016) Impact of changes in land use, species and elevation on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Ethiopian Central Highlands. Geoderma 261:70–79
Tsui CC, Chen ZS, Hsieh CF (2004) Relationships between soil properties and slope position in a lowland rain forest of southern Taiwan. Geoderma 123(1):131–142
Wang Y, Fu B, Lü Y, Song C, Luan Y (2010) Local-scale spatial variability of soil organic carbon and its stock in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China. Quat Res 73(1):70–76
Wang Y, Fu B, Lü Y, Chen L (2011) Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon sequestration at multiple scales in semi-arid Loess Plateau, Chin. Catena 85(1):58–66
Wang T, Kang F, Cheng X, Han H, Ji W (2016) Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks under different land uses in a hilly ecological restoration area of North China. Soil Till Res 163:176–184
Wei X, Shao M, Fu X, Horton R (2010) Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen after 28 years grassland afforestation: effects of tree species, slope position, and soil order. Plant Soil 331(1–2):165–179
Wei W, Chen D, Wang L, Daryanto S, Chen L, Yu Y, Lu Y, Sun G, Feng T (2016) Global synthesis of the classifications, distributions, benefits and issues of terracing. Earth Sci Rev 159:388–403
Xue S, Liu G, Zhang C, Fan L (2011) Effects of terracing slope cropland on soil quality in hilly region of Loess Plateau. Trans CSAE 27(4):310–316 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang C, Liu G, Xue S, Sun C (2013) Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage as affected by land use in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. Eur J Soil Sci 54:16–24
Zhang JH, Wang Y, Li FC (2015) Soil organic carbon and nitrogen losses due to soil erosion and cropping in a sloping terrace landscape. Soil Res 53(1):87–96
Zhao G, Mu X, Wen Z, Wang F, Gao P (2013) Soil erosion, conservation, and eco-environment changes in the loess plateau of China. Land Degrad Dev 24(5):499–510
Zhao X, Wu P, Gao X, Persaud N (2015) Soil quality indicators in relation to land use and topography in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau of China. Land Degrad Dev 26:54–61
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, Grant no: 2017YFC0504704; the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant no: 41601092, 41330858 and 41601017; the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin (China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research), Grant no: IWHR-SKL-201608.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shi, P., Duan, J., Zhang, Y. et al. The effects of ecological construction and topography on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Loess Plateau of China. Environ Earth Sci 78, 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7992-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7992-3