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Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination in surface and core sediments of Taihu Lake, the third largest freshwater lake in China

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Abstract

The spatial and temporal variations of Fe, K, Co, V, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb were determined in the sediments of Taihu Lake, the third largest freshwater lake in China and categorized into natural origin (Fe, K, Co, and V) and human contamination (Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb) groups by principal component analysis. Most of the metals were positively correlated with the clay content (<4 μm) and negatively correlated with the >16 μm fraction, indicating the dominant role of grain size in regulating metals concentrations. Geochemical normalization and enrichment factors (EFs) were introduced to reduce the confounding of variable grain size and to quantify anthropogenic contributions. Higher EF values for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn occurred in the north Zhushan, Meiliang, and Gonghu Bays, indicating a high level of human contamination from the northern cities, such as Wuxi and Changzhou. Higher EF values of Pb were also present in the southwest and east lake areas, denoting the existence of additional anthropogenic sources. Chrome, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb showed increasing EF values in the top layers of sediment cores, indicating enhancing contamination since 1970s with rapid economy development in the catchment. These results indicate that geochemical normalization is a necessary and effective method in quantifying heavy metals contamination, and that historic sediment should be used as background values in calculating EFs. Potential risks of the heavy metals were assessed linking the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines and human contamination. Concentrations of Ni and Cr are greater than the threshold effect concentration (TEC) values, even in the sediments before 1970s, due to higher background concentrations in terrestrial parent materials. Concentrations of Ni and Cr are generally lower than the probable effect concentration (PEC) values, and concentrations of Cu and Zn are below the TEC values in the open lake areas. Whereas, concentrations of Ni and Cr are surpassing the PEC values and Cu and Zn are surpassing the TEC values in the north bays due to the high level of human contamination, where they were with EFs over 1.2, denoting higher potential eco-risks.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Yuxin Zhu for his assistance in the ICP-AES analysis, Jianjun Wang, Xianghua Meng and Yong Zhang for their help in field sampling, and Guangwei Zhu for the provision of Taihu Lake basin map. This work was financially supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2008CB418103), National Natural Science Foundation of China (40702058, 41071320), and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2008055).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China

    Enfeng Liu, Ji Shen, Hezhong Yuan, Enlou Zhang & Yanmin Cao

  2. Environmental Geology Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Gavin F. Birch

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  1. Enfeng Liu
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Correspondence to Enfeng Liu or Ji Shen.

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Liu, E., Birch, G.F., Shen, J. et al. Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination in surface and core sediments of Taihu Lake, the third largest freshwater lake in China. Environ Earth Sci 67, 39–51 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1478-x

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