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The connection between Dr. Harold Griffith and Richard Gill: new insights into the history of curare use in anesthesia from previously unknown correspondence

Le lien entre le Dr Harold Griffith et Richard Gill : de nouvelles perspectives sur l’histoire de l’utilisation des curares en anesthésie grâce à une correspondance jusqu’alors inconnue

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Abstract

Dr. Harold R. Griffith and Richard C. Gill figure prominently in curare’s storied history. In 1938, Gill returned from an Amazon expedition with over 11 kg of curare. After scientists at E. R. Squibb & Sons identified a plant source (Chondrodendron tomentosum) and isolated a stable extract of uniform potency (marketed as Intocostrin), Griffith administered it in the operating room in 1942, showing its advantages and safety. In this article, we report correspondence between Griffith and Gill, heretofore not appreciated, after finding a letter from Gill to Griffith affixed to the inside back cover of a book contained in a private library.

Following the serendipitous discovery of this previously unknown letter, we interrogated archived correspondence and material associated with Griffith and Gill in the Osler Library History of Medicine (McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada), Arthur E. Guedel Memorial Anesthesia Center (University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA), the Wood Library Museum of Anesthesiology (Schaumburg, IL, USA), the Anaesthesia Heritage Centre (London, UK), and the Wellcome Collection (London, UK). Further, we searched for information on the historical background of curare via Google, Ovid MEDLINE, Adam Matthew Explorer, Project MUSE, and Latin American History databases.

We found seven letters. The first is a letter to Gill dated 2 June 1943 (Wood Library) and an earlier draft dated 2 June 1943 (Osler Library). In this letter, Griffith praises Gill’s success in procuring curare and informs him of its usefulness in anesthesia. The second letter is a letter from Gill to Griffith dated 10 July 1943 (found affixed to a book that was donated to the Osler Library). In this letter, Gill congratulates Griffith and claims he foresaw curare’s use in the operating room and predicts its routine use to produce muscle relaxation during surgery. The third letter is a letter to Griffith dated 17 April 1945 (Osler Library). In this correspondence, Gill disputes Squibb’s claim that curare derives solely from C. tomentosum and asks Griffith to retract published statements on this point. The fourth letter is a letter to Gill dated 25 April 1945 (Osler Library), in which Griffith declines to retract and emphasizes that Gill receive credit for making curare available to medicine. The fifth letter is a letter to Griffith dated 24 May 1945 (Osler Library), in which Gill accepts Griffith’s retraction decision and indicates negotiations with another drug company. The sixth letter is a letter to Griffith dated 11 July 1945 (Osler Library), in which Gill requests anesthesia morbidity and mortality data and continues to remonstrate against Squibb’s claim of curare’s botanical source. The seventh and final letter is to Gill and dated 21 July 1945 (Osler Library). In this letter, Griffith indicates the lack of morbidity and mortality information, mentions a new Squibb curare product, and cites data suggesting curare may exert dose-dependent CNS effects.

These seven letters between Dr. H. Griffith and R. Gill reveal a professional relationship heretofore not appreciated. We discuss and consider these letters in the context of curare’s remarkable history.

Résumé

Le Dr Harold R. Griffith et Richard C. Gill occupent une place importante dans l’histoire du curare. En 1938, Gill revient d’une expédition en Amazonie avec plus de 11 kg de curare. Après l’identification, par les scientifiques de E. R. Squibb & Sons, d’une source végétale (Chondrodendron tomentosum) et l’isolement d’un extrait stable de puissance uniforme (commercialisé sous le nom d’Intocostrin), Griffith l’administre en salle d’opération en 1942, montrant ses avantages et son innocuité. Dans cet article, nous résumons la correspondance entre Griffith et Gill, jusque-là peu appréciée, après avoir trouvé une lettre de Gill à Griffith glissée à l’intérieur de la quatrième de couverture d’un livre provenant d’une bibliothèque privée.

À la suite de la découverte fortuite de cette lettre jusque-là inconnue, nous avons consulté la correspondance et les documents archivés associés à Griffith et Gill à la bibliothèque Osler History of Medicine (Université McGill, Montréal, QC, Canada), au centre Arthur E. Guedel Memorial Anesthesia Center (Université de Californie, San Francisco, CA, États-Unis), au Wood Library Museum of Anesthesiology (Schaumburg, IL, États-Unis), au Anaesthesia Heritage Centre (Londres, Royaume-Uni) et à la Wellcome Collection (Londres, Royaume-Uni). De plus, nous avons recherché des informations sur le contexte historique du curare via Google, Ovid MEDLINE, Adam Matthew Explorer, Project MUSE et dans les bases de données d’histoire de l’Amérique latine.

Nous avons trouvé sept lettres. La première est une lettre à Gill datée du 2 juin 1943 (bibliothèque Wood) et une ébauche antérieure datée du 2 juin 1943 (bibliothèque Osler). Dans cette lettre, Griffith fait l’éloge du succès de Gill dans l’obtention du curare et l’informe de son utilité en anesthésie. La deuxième lettre est une lettre de Gill à Griffith datée du 10 juillet 1943 (trouvée collée dans un livre donné à la bibliothèque Osler). Dans cette lettre, Gill félicite Griffith et affirme qu’il avait pressenti l’utilisation du curare en salle d’opération et prédit son utilisation de routine pour produire une relaxation musculaire pendant la chirurgie. La troisième lettre est une lettre à Griffith datée du 17 avril 1945 (bibliothèque Osler). Dans cette missive, Gill conteste l’affirmation de Squibb selon laquelle le curare est exclusivement dérivé de C. tomentosum et demande à Griffith de se rétracter sur les déclarations publiées à ce sujet. La quatrième lettre est une lettre à Gill datée du 25 avril 1945 (bibliothèque Osler), dans laquelle Griffith refuse de se rétracter et insiste sur le fait que Gill soit crédité d’avoir mis le curare à la disposition de la médecine. La cinquième missive est une lettre à Griffith datée du 24 mai 1945 (bibliothèque Osler), dans laquelle Gill accepte la décision de Griffith de se rétracter et indique des négociations avec une autre compagnie pharmaceutique. La sixième lettre est une lettre à Griffith datée du 11 juillet 1945 (bibliothèque Osler), dans laquelle Gill demande des données concernant la morbidité et la mortalité liées à l’anesthésie et continue de protester contre l’affirmation de Squibb sur la source botanique du curare. La septième et dernière lettre est adressée à Gill et datée du 21 juillet 1945 (bibliothèque Osler). Dans cette lettre, Griffith indique le manque d’informations sur la morbidité et la mortalité, mentionne un nouveau produit à base de curare de Squibb et cite des données suggérant que le curare pourrait exercer des effets dose-dépendants sur le SNC.

Ces sept lettres entre le Dr H. Griffith et R. Gill révèlent une relation professionnelle jusque-là peu appréciée. Nous discutons et considérons ces lettres dans le contexte de l’histoire remarquable du curare.

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Author contributions

Noha Elsherbini helped with the literature search, wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and participated in subsequent manuscript revisions. Steven B. Backman conceived the project, helped with the literature search, and participated in all subsequent manuscript revisions.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their utmost gratitude to Dr. M. Hague-Yearle, Osler Library’s Head Librarian, for her expert help with retrieving archived material related to Dr. Griffith, and for her assistance with library database searches. The authors also would like to thank the following individuals for their invaluable assistance: Ms. Peggy Le-Tran, Researcher and Technical Services Managing Archivist, Arthur E. Guedel Memorial Anesthesia Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Ms. Amanda Helfers, WLM Specialist, Wood Library Museum of Anesthesiology, Schaumburg, IL, USA; Ms. Felicia El Kholi, Anaesthesia Heritage Centre, London, UK; and Ms. Stephanie Cornwell, Archivist, Wellcome Collection, London, UK.

Disclosures

The authors declare that they have no commercial or noncommercial affiliations that are or may be perceived to be a conflict of interest. The authors have no other associations such as consultancies.

Funding statement

All funding for this project derived from departmental or personal sources.

Prior conference presentations

Portions of this manuscript were presented by Dr. Noha Elsherbini at the annual McGill Department of Anesthesia Bromage Research Day (8 June 2023, Montreal, QC, Canada) and have been submitted for presentation at the 2024 congress of the Association des Anesthésiologistes du Québec (26–27 April; Montreal, QC, Canada).

Editorial responsibility

This submission was handled by Dr. Stephan K. W. Schwarz, Editor-in-Chief, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.

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Correspondence to Steven B. Backman MDCM, PhD, FRCPC.

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Elsherbini, N., Backman, S.B. The connection between Dr. Harold Griffith and Richard Gill: new insights into the history of curare use in anesthesia from previously unknown correspondence. Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-024-02750-0

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