Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is synthesized by phytopathogenic and opportunistic fungi and is detected in a broad range of foods. This natural compound is of interest in terms of toxicity to animals, but its mechanisms of action on insects are poorly understood. We administered TeA orally at different concentrations (0.2–5.0 mg/[gram of a growth medium]) to the model insect Galleria mellonella, with subsequent estimation of physiological, histological, and immunological parameters in different tissues (midgut, fat body, and hemolymph). Susceptibility of the TeA-treated larvae to pathogenic microorganisms Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis was also analyzed. The feeding of TeA to the larvae led to a substation delay of larval growth, apoptosis-like changes in midgut cells, and an increase in midgut bacterial load. A decrease in activities of detoxification enzymes and downregulation of genes Nox, lysozyme, and cecropin in the midgut and/or hemocoel tissues were detected. By contrast, genes gloverin, gallerimycin, and galiomycin and phenoloxidase activity proved to be upregulated in the studied tissues. Hemocyte density did not change under the influence of TeA. TeA administration increased susceptibility of the larvae to B. bassiana but diminished their susceptibility to B. thuringiensis. The results indicate that TeA disturbs wax moth gut physiology and immunity and also exerts a systemic action on this insect. Mechanisms underlying the observed changes in wax moth susceptibility to the pathogens are discussed.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Andrey Miller for electron microscopy and Evgenia Buntova and Tatyana Marchenko for rearing the insects and for technical assistance.
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The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 20–516-53009). The maintenance of the insects and microorganisms was supported by The Federal Fundamental Scientific Research Programme for 2021–2025 No. FWGS-2021-0001. Electron microscopy o insect tissues was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 20-74-10043).
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Kryukov, V., Kosman, E., Tomilova, O. et al. Tenuazonic acid alters immune and physiological reactions and susceptibility to pathogens in Galleria mellonella larvae. Mycotoxin Res 39, 135–149 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00479-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-023-00479-1