Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fertility preservation in men with cancer

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Reproductive Medicine and Biology

Abstract

Due to recent advances in medical technologies, cancer has become more curable and chronic, and post-treatment quality of life, including male fertility, has become an important issue. Cancer itself can affect spermatogenesis through complex interactions, and cancer treatment such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, all have certain detrimental effects on spermatogenesis. Currently, sperm cryopreservation before cancer treatment is the mainstay of fertility preservation, and is recommended by numerous guidelines. Although fertility preservation should be discussed with all cancer patients before treatment, it still remains underused. Postpubertal patients who are unable to bank sperm may undergo testicular sperm extraction before treatment. For prepubertal boys, there is no clinically established guideline for fertility preservation. Investigations such as spermatogonial stem cell culture are ongoing, and may lead to clinical options for fertility preservation in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cancer survivors—United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(9):269–72.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Schover LR, Brey K, Lichtin A, Lipshultz LI, Jeha S. Knowledge and experience regarding cancer, infertility, and sperm banking in younger male survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1880–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Saito K, Suzuki K, Iwasaki A, Yumura Y, Kubota Y. Sperm cryopreservation before cancer chemotherapy helps in the emotional battle against cancer. Cancer. 2005;104:521–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ethics Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility preservation and reproduction in cancer patients. Fertil Steril. 2005;83:1622–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee SJ, Schover LR, Partridge AH, Patrizio P, Wallace WH, Hagerty K, Beck LN, Brennan LV, Oktay K, American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on fertility preservation in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2917–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Loren AW, Mangu PB, Beck LN, Brennan L, Magdalinski AJ, Partridge AH, Quinn G, Wallace WH, Oktay K. Fertility preservation for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2500–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Naysmith TE, Blake DA, Harvey VJ, Johnson NP. Do men undergoing sterilizing cancer treatments have a fertile future? Hum Reprod. 1998;13:3250–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wong WY, Thomas CM, Merkus JM, Zielhuis GA, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Male factor subfertility: possible causes and the impact of nutritional factors. Fertil Steril. 2000;73:435–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Costabile RA, Spevak M. Cancer and male factor infertility. Oncology (Williston Park). 1998;12:557–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. van Casteren NJ, Boellaard WP, Romijn JC, Dohle GR. Gonadal dysfunction in male cancer patients before cytotoxic treatment. Int J Androl. 2010;33(1):73–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Petersen PM, Skakkebaek NE, Vistisen K, Rorth M, Giwercman A. Semen quality and reproductive hormones before orchiectomy in men with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:941–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jacobsen KD, Theodorsen L, Fossa SD. Spermatogenesis after unilateral orchiectomy for testicular cancer in patients following surveillance policy. J Urol. 2001;165:93–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:972–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Walsh TJ, Croughan MS, Schembri M, Chan JM, Turek PJ. Increased risk of testicular germ cell cancer among infertile men. Arch Int Med. 2009;169:351–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Olsen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Moller H. Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. BMJ. 2000;321:789–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Mukherjee S, Ridgeway AD, Lamb DJ. DNA mismatch repair and infertility. Curr Opin Urol. 2010;20:525–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Gonsalves J, Sun F, Schlegel PN, Turek PJ, Hopps CV, Greene C, Martin RH, Pera RA. Defective recombination in infertile men. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13:2875–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Maduro MR, Casella R, Kim E, Lévy N, Niederberger C, Lipshultz LI, Lamb DJ. Microsatellite instability and defects in mismatch repair proteins: a new aetiology for Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Mol Hum Reprod. 2003;9:61–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Matzuk MM, Lamb DJ. The biology of infertility: research advances and clinical challenges. Nat Med. 2008;14:1197–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Eisenberg ML, Betts P, Herder D, Lamb DJ, Lipshultz LI. Increased risk of cancer among azoospermic men. Fertil Steril. 2013;100(3):681–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Petersen PM, Skakkebaek NE, Vistisen K, Rørth M, Giwercman A. Semen quality and reproductive hormones before orchiectomy in men with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:941–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Liguori G, Trombetta C, Bucci S, Benvenuto S, Amodeo A, Ocello G, Belgrano E. Semen quality before and after orchiectomy in men with testicular cancer. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2008;80(3):99–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Herr HW, Bar-Chama N, O’Sullivan M, Sogani PC. Paternity in men with stage I testis tumors on surveillance. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:733–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Donohue JP, Thornhill JA, Foster RS, Rowland RG, Bihrle R. Primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in clinical stage A non-seminomatous germ cell testis cancer. Review of the Indiana University experience 1965–1989. Br J Urol. 1993;71:326–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pettus JA, Carver BS, Masterson T, Stasi J, Sheinfeld J. Preservation of ejaculation in patients undergoing nerve-sparing postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testicular cancer. Urology. 2009;73:328–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Coogan CL, Hejase MJ, Wahle GR, Foster RS, Rowland RG, Bihrle R, Donohue JP. Nerve sparing post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for advanced testicular cancer. J Urol. 1996;156:1656–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jacobsen KD, Ous S, Waehre H, Trasti H, Stenwig AE, Lien HH, Aass N, Fosså SD. Ejaculation in testicular cancer patients after post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Br J Cancer. 1999;80:249–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Steiner H, Peschel R, Bartsch G. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after chemotherapy for germ cell tumours: is a full bilateral template always necessary? BJU Int. 2008;102:310–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nonomura N, Nishimura K, Takaha N, Inoue H, Nomoto T, Mizutani Y, Nakao M, Okuyama A, Miki T. Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for advanced testicular cancer after chemotherapy. Int J Urol. 2002;9:539–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gilja I, Parazajder J, Cvitkovic P, Kovacic M. Retrograde ejaculation and loss of emission: possibilities of conservative treatment. Eur Urol. 1994;25:256–8.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Narayan P, Lange P, Fraley E. Ejaculation and fertility after extended retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer. J Urol. 1982;127:685–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Reynolds JC, McCall A, Kim E, Lipshultz L. Bladder neck collagen injection restores antegrade ejaculation after bladder neck surgery. J Urol. 1998;159:1303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hsiao W, Deveci S, Mulhall JP. Outcomes of the management of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection-associated anejaculation. BJU Int. 2012;110(8):1196–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jonas D, Linzbach P, Weber W. The use of Midodrin in the treatment of ejaculation disorders following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Eur Urol. 1979;5:184–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Stewart BH, Bergant J. Correction of retrograde ejaculation by sympathomimetic medication: a preliminary report. Fertil Steril. 1974;25:1073–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Stockamp K, Schreiter F, Altwein J. Alpha-adrenergic drugs in retrograde ejaculation. Fertil Steril. 1974;25:817–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Okada H, Fujioka H, Tatsumi N, Kanzaki M, Inaba Y, Fujisawa M, Gohji K, Arakawa S, Kamidono S. Treatment of patients with retrograde ejaculation in the era of modern assisted reproduction technology. J Urol. 1998;159:848–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yuanhui X. Treatment of functional retrograde ejaculation with acupuncture and TCM herbal drugs. J Tradit Chin Med. 2002;22:286–7.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Virupannavar C, Tomera F. An unusual case of retrograde ejaculation and a brief review of management. Fertil Steril. 1982;37:275–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jefferys A, Siassakos D, Wardle P. The management of retrograde ejaculation: a systematic review and update. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(2):306–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hutling C, Rosenlund B, Tomblom M. Transrectal electroejaculation in combination with in-vitro fertilization: an effective treatment of anejaculatory infertility after testicular cancer. Hum Reprod. 1995;10:847–50.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rosenlund B, Sjoblom P, Tornblom M, Hutling C, Hillsenjo T. In-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of infertility after testicular cancer. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:414–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Trost LW, Brannigan RE. Oncofertility and the male cancer patient. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2012;13(2):146–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Centola GM, Keller JW, Henzler M, Rubin P. Effect of low-dose testicular irradiation on sperm count and fertility in patients with testicular seminoma. J Androl. 1994;15:608–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ash P. The influence of radiation on fertility in man. Br J Radiol. 1980;53:271–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pryzant RM, Meistrich ML, Wilson G, Brown B, McLaughlin P. Long-term reduction in sperm count after chemotherapy with and without radiation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:239–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Howell S, Shalet S. Gonadal damage from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1998;27:927–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Shalet SM. Effect of irradiation treatment on gonadal function in men treated for germ cell cancer. Eur Urol. 1993;23:148–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hart R. Preservation of fertility in adults and children diagnosed with cancer. BMJ. 2008;337:a2045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rowley MJ, Leach DR, Warner GA, Heller CG. Effect of graded doses of ionizing radiation on the human testis. Radiat Res. 1974;59:665–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Shalet SM, Tsatsoulis A, Whitehead E, Read G. Vulnerability of the human Leydig cell to radiation damage is dependent upon age. J Endocrinol. 1989;120:161–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Brauner R, Czernichow P, Cramer P, Schaison G, Rappaport R. Leydig-cell function in children after direct testicular irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:25–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sklar CA, Robison LL, Nesbit ME, Sather HN, Meadows AT, Ortega JA, Kim TH, Hammond GD. Effects of radiation on testicular function in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8:1981–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML. Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults. Q J Med. 1989;70:145–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Giwercman A, Petersen PM. Cancer and male infertility. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;14:453–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Stahl PJ, Stember DS, Hsiao W, Schlegel PN. Indications and strategies for fertility preservation in men. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53:815–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Howell SJ, Shalet SM. Spermatogenesis after cancer treatment: damage and recovery. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2005;34:12–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tal R, Botchan A, Hauser R, Yogev L, Paz G, Yavetz H. Follow-up of sperm concentration and motility in patients with lymphoma. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:1985–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Pryzant RM, Meistrich ML, Wilson G, Brown B, McLaughlin P. Long-term reduction in sperm count after chemotherapy with and without radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:239–47 (Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1007).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Drasga RE, Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Patel DN, Stevens EE. Fertility after chemotherapy for testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:179–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lampe H, Horwich A, Norman A, Nicholls J, Dearnaley DP. Fertility after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell cancers. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:239–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Petersen PM, Hansen SW, Giwercman A, Rørth M, Skakkebaek NE. Dose-dependent impairment of testicular function in patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy for germ cell cancer. Ann Oncol. 1994;5:355–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ishikawa T, Kamidono S, Fujisawa M. Fertility after high-dose chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Urology. 2004;63:137–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hourvitz A, Goldschlag DE, Davis OK, Gosden LV, Palermo GD, Rosenwaks Z. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using cryopreserved sperm from men with malignant neoplasm yields high pregnancy rates. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:557–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Romerius P, Ståhl O, Moëll C, Relander T, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Gustafsson H, Löfvander Thapper K, Jepson K, Spanò M, Wiebe T, Lundberg Giwercman Y, Giwercman A. Sperm DNA integrity in men treated for childhood cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:3843–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Salonia A, Gallina A, Matloob R, Rocchini L, Saccà A, Abdollah F, Colombo R, Suardi N, Briganti A, Guazzoni G, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Is sperm banking of interest to patients with nongerm cell urological cancer before potentially fertility-damaging treatments? J Urol. 2009;182:1101–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Schmidt KT, Andersen CY. Recommendations for fertility preservation in patients with lymphomas. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012;29:473–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Chang HC, Chen SC, Chen J, Hsieh JT. Initial 10-year experience of sperm cryopreservation services for cancer patients. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006;105:1022–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Yee S, Fuller-Thomson E, Dwyer C, Greenblatt E, Shapiro H. “Just what the doctor ordered”: factors associated with oncology patients’ decision to bank sperm. Can Urol Assoc J. 2012;6:E174–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Ping P, Zhu WB, Zhang XZ, Yao KS, Xu P, Huang YR, Li Z. Sperm banking for male reproductive preservation: a 6-year retrospective multi-centre study in China. Asian J Androl. 2010;12:356–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Navarro Medina P, Barroso Deyne E, Castillo Suárez M, Blanco Diez A, Lozano M, Artiles Hernández JL, Chesa Ponce N. An analysis of our experience in cryopreservation of semen from cancer patients. Actas Urol Esp. 2010;4:101–5.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Chung K, Irani J, Knee G, Efymow B, Blasco L, Patrizio P. Sperm cryopreservation for male patients with cancer: an epidemiological analysis at the University of Pennsylvania. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;113:S7–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lass A, Akagbosu F, Abusheikha N, Hassouneh M, Blayney M, Avery S, Brinsden P. A programme of semen cryopreservation for patients with malignant disease in a tertiary infertility centre: lessons from 8 years’ experience. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:3256–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nahata L, Cohen LE, Yu RN. Barriers to fertility preservation in male adolescents with cancer: it’s time for a multidisciplinary approach that includes urologists. Urology. 2012;79:1206–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Klosky JL, Randolph ME, Navid F, Gamble HL, Spunt SL, Metzger ML, Daw N, Morris EB, Hudson MM. Sperm cryopreservation practices among adolescent cancer patients at risk for infertility. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009;26:252–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Quinn GP, Vadaparampil ST, Lee JH, Jacobsen PB, Bepler G, Lancaster J, Keefe DL, Albrecht TL. Physician referral for fertility preservation in oncology patients: a national study of practice behaviors. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5952–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Hartmann JT, Albrecht C, Schmoll HJ, Kuczyk MA, Kollmannsberger C, Bokemeyer C. Long-term effects on sexual function and fertility after treatment of testicular cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999;80:801–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Rieker PP, Fitzgerald EM, Kalish LA, Richie JP, Lederman GS, Edbril SD, Garnick MB. Psychosocial factors, curative therapies, and behavioral outcomes. A comparison of testis cancer survivors and a control group of healthy men. Cancer. 1989;64:2399–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rieker PP, Fitzgerald EM, Kalish LA. Adaptive behavioral responses to potential infertility among survivors of testis cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8:347–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Bizet P, Saias-Magnan J, Jouve E, Grillo JM, Karsenty G, Metzler-Guillemain C, Perrin J. Sperm cryopreservation before cancer treatment: a 15-year monocentric experience. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;24:321–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Nishiyama H, Soda T, Ichioka K, Okubo K, Ogawa O. Questionnaire survey in Japan for sperm cryopreservation before chemotherapy. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2008;54:593–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Watanabe C, Takahashi M, Kai I. Hematologist practices and attitude toward chemotherapy-related infertility. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2007;34:891–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Crha I, Ventruba P, Zakova J, Huser M, Kubesova B, Hudecek R, Jarkovsky J. Survival and infertility treatment in male cancer patients after sperm banking. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:2344–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Agarwal A, Ranganathan P, Kattal N, Pasqualotto F, Hallak J, Khayal S, Mascha E. Fertility after cancer: a prospective review of assisted reproductive outcome with banked semen specimens. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:342–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Magelssen H, Haugen TB, von Düring V, Melve KK, Sandstad B, Fosså SD. Twenty years experience with semen cryopreservation in testicular cancer patients: who needs it? Eur Urol. 2005;48:779–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. van Casteren NJ, van Santbrink EJ, van Inzen W, Romijn JC, Dohle GR. Use rate and assisted reproduction technologies outcome of cryopreserved semen from 629 cancer patients. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:2245–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Suzuki K, Matuzaki J, Hattori Y, Saito K, Noguchi K, Yumura Y, Sato K, Iwasaki A, Kubota Y. Semen cryopreservation for patients with malignant or non-malignant disease: our 14-year experience. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2007;53:539–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Soda T, Okubo K, Ichioka K, Okuno H, Kohama N, Nakayama T, Hatayama H, Nishiyama H, Ogawa O. Sperm cryopreservation for cancer patients: 5-year experience in a private hospital in Japan. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2009;55:9–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Taniguchi H, Hiura Y, Chizaki R, Kawakita S, Kawa G, Kinoshita H, Murota T, Matsuda T, Miyashiro H, Shimoi K, Okada H, Kanzaki H. Ten-year outcome of semen cryopreservation for patients with malignant disease and preservation system at Kansai Medical University. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2011;57:367–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Wallace WH, Thomson AB. Preservation of fertility in children treated for cancer. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:493–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Schrader M, Müller M, Sofikitis N, Straub B, Krause H, Miller K. “Onco-tese”: testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic cancer patients before chemotherapy-new guidelines? Urology. 2003;61:421–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Furuhashi K, Ishikawa T, Hashimoto H, Yamada S, Ogata S, Mizusawa Y, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto E, Kokeguchi S, Shiotani M. Onco-testicular sperm extraction: testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic and very severely oligozoospermic cancer patients. Andrologia. 2013;45:107–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Descombe L, Chauleur C, Gentil-Perret A, Aknin-Seifer I, Tostain J, Lévy R. Testicular sperm extraction in a single cancerous testicle in patients with azoospermia: a case report. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:443.e1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Carmignani L, Gadda F, Gazzano G, Ragni G, Paffoni A, Rocco F, Colpi GM. Testicular sperm extraction in cancerous testicle in patients with azoospermia: a case report. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1068–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Goossens E, Van Saen D, Tournaye H. Spermatogonial stem cell preservation and transplantation: from research to clinic. Hum Reprod. 2013;28:897–907.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sato T, Katagiri K, Gohbara A, Inoue K, Ogonuki N, Ogura A, Kubota Y, Ogawa T. In vitro production of functional sperm in cultured neonatal mouse testes. Nature. 2011;471:504–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan

    Koji Chiba & Masato Fujisawa

Authors
  1. Koji Chiba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Masato Fujisawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Koji Chiba.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chiba, K., Fujisawa, M. Fertility preservation in men with cancer. Reprod Med Biol 13, 177–184 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12522-014-0180-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12522-014-0180-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation