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Enhancement of Autophagy and Solubilization of Ataxin-2 Alleviate Apoptosis in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Patient Cells

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Abstract

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), a rare polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the ataxin-2 gene, exhibits common cellular phenotypes with other neurodegenerative disorders, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we show that SCA2 patient cells exhibit higher levels of caspase-8- and caspase-9-mediated apoptotic activation than control cells, cellular phenotypes that we find to be exacerbated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of autophagy. We also suggest that oligomerization of mutant ataxin-2 protein is likely to be the cause of the observed cellular phenotypes by causing inhibition of autophagy and by inducing ROS generation. Finally, we show that removal of ataxin-2 oligomers, either by increasing autophagic clearance or by oligomer dissolution, appears to alleviate the cellular phenotypes. Our results suggest that oligomerized ataxin-2 and oxidative stress affect autophagic clearance in SCA2 cells, contributing to the pathophysiology, and that activation of autophagy or clearance of oligomers may prove to be effective therapeutic strategies.

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The authors wish to acknowledge the funding contributions of the Research Board at Rigshospitalet and the Novo Nordisk Foundation.

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  1. Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Jonathan Henry Wardman, Emil Elbæk Henriksen, Adele Gabriele Marthaler, Jørgen Erik Nielsen & Troels Tolstrup Nielsen

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  1. Jonathan Henry Wardman
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JHW, EEH, AGM, JEN, and TTN designed the experiments. JHW and EEH performed the experiments and analyzed the corresponding results. JHW wrote the paper with editing and consultation from EEH, AGM, JEN, and TTN.

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Correspondence to Troels Tolstrup Nielsen.

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Wardman, J.H., Henriksen, E.E., Marthaler, A.G. et al. Enhancement of Autophagy and Solubilization of Ataxin-2 Alleviate Apoptosis in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Patient Cells. Cerebellum 19, 165–181 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-019-01092-8

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