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Recent Progress in Non-motor Features of Parkinson’s Disease with a Focus on Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which manifests with both motor and non-motor symptoms. Circadian rhythm dysregulation, as one of the most challenging non-motor features of PD, usually appears long before obvious motor symptoms. Moreover, the dysregulated circadian rhythm has recently been reported to play pivotal roles in PD pathogenesis, and it has emerged as a hot topic in PD research. In this review, we briefly introduce the circadian rhythm and circadian rhythm-related genes, and then summarize recent research progress on the altered circadian rhythm in PD, ranging from clinical features to the possible causes of PD-related circadian disorders. We believe that future comprehensive studies on the topic may not only help us to explore the mechanisms of PD, but also shed light on the better management of PD.

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Abbreviations

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

DA:

Dopamine

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Clock:

Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput

Bmal1:

Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1

Per:

Period

Cry:

Cryptochrome

NPAS2:

Neuronal PAS domain protein 2

ROR:

Retinal related orphan receptor

RREs:

ROR response elements

NR1D1:

Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1

Bhlhe:

Basic helix-loop-helix family member

Tim:

Timeless

DBP:

D-box-binding protein

REM:

Rapid eye movement

RBD:

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

BP:

Blood pressure

CBT:

Core-body temperature

HRV:

Heart rate variability

GI:

Gastrointestinal

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PET:

Positron emission tomography

SPECT:

Single photon emission computed tomography

NURR1:

Nuclear receptor-related 1 protein

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

EDS:

Excessive daytime sleepiness

RLS:

Restless leg syndrome

MIBG:

Meta-iodobenzylguanidine

PSG:

Polysomnograph

MSE:

Multiscale entropy

NREM:

Non-REM

CAP:

Cycling alternating pattern

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

MPTP:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

Mn:

Manganese

SIRT1:

Silent information regulator 1

HSF1:

Heat shock factor 1

RT-qPCR:

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

WB:

Western blotting

RIPD:

Rotenone-induced PD

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharides

ROT:

Rotenone

ATG5:

Autophagy-related gene 5

AMPK:

Adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase

ATP:

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate

ASO:

Alpha-synuclein overexpressing

IHC:

Immunohistochemical staining

ELISA:

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

MSP:

Methylation-specific PCR

PCR-RFLP:

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated γ

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Acknowledgements

This review was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (81771521), Key Research and Development Plan of Liaoning Science and Technology Department (2018225051), Guangdong Provincial Key R&D Program (2018B030337001), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1306600).

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  1. Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China

    Yufei Liu, Long Niu, Xinyao Liu, Cheng Cheng & Weidong Le

  2. Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China

    Yufei Liu, Long Niu, Xinyao Liu, Cheng Cheng & Weidong Le

  3. Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China

    Weidong Le

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  1. Yufei Liu
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Liu, Y., Niu, L., Liu, X. et al. Recent Progress in Non-motor Features of Parkinson’s Disease with a Focus on Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. Neurosci. Bull. 37, 1010–1024 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-021-00711-x

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