Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of Preschool Children Sibling Rivalry Scale (PSRS)

  • Published:
Child Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of the current study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to assess the sibling rivalry behavior of 3–6-year-old preschool children with one or more younger siblings, based on their parents’ reports. The pilot study was conducted with 544 parents. Through exploratory factor analysis, six factors were obtained: warmth/closeness, parental partiality, competition, regression and restlessness, antagonism, and negative behavioral changes. The validation study was conducted with 203 parents, using the final version of the scale consisting of 39 items. Confirmatory factor analysis results verified the six-factor solution. The Cronbach’s alpha values for the six factors ranged from .63 to .82. The findings showed the reliability and validity of the Preschool Children Sibling Rivalry Scale.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, A. (1931). The meaning of life. The Lancet, 217(5605), 225–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, A. (2014). Understanding human nature (trans: Şipal, K.). İstanbul, Turkey: Say Publishing. (Original work published 1927).

  • Aguilar, B., O’Brien, K. M., August, G. J., Aoun, S. L., & Hektner, J. M. (2001). Relationship quality of aggressive children and their siblings: a multiinformant, multimeasure investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 479–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932–937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakış, O., Levent, H., İnsel, A., & Polat, S. (2009). Determinants of accessing education in Turkey. İstanbul: Sabancı University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baydar, N., Hyle, P., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997). A longitudinal study of the effects of the birth of a sibling during preschool and early grade school years. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(4), 957–965. doi:10.2307/353795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boer, F., Westenberg, P. M., McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., & Stocker, C. M. (1997). The factorial structure of the Sibling Relationship Inventory (SRI) in American and Dutch samples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(6), 851–859. doi:10.1177/0265407597146009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brabender, K. E. (2006). The effects of sibling rivalry across the lifespan: Positive and negative? (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3334214).

  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M., & Campbell, T. L. (1999). Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of equivalent measurement and theoretical structure: a look beneath the surface. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(5), 555–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Multivariate statistics for the social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles, P. (2015). Sibling rivalry at work; from family to groups. Psychodynamic Practice, 21(3), 254–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darragh, J. (2010). Introduction to early childhood education: Equity and inclusion. Boston: Pearson Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVellis, R. F. (2014). Scale development (Trans: Totan, T.). Ankara: Nobel Publishing. (Original work published 2012).

  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, A. (1946). The psycho-analytical treatment of children. London: Imago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (2013). Analysis of phobias in children (2nd ed.; trans: D. Muradoğlu). İstanbul: Say Publishing. (Original work published 1909).

  • Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships. Child Development, 56, 448–461. doi:10.2307/1129733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, M. (1978). A new look at little Hans. Psychoanalytic Review, 65, 523–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, N. (2013). The bully at home. Parent & Child. Retrieved from http://www.scholastic.com/parents/resources/collection/parent-child-magazine

  • Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2005). Using SPSS for windows and macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacıeminoğlu, E., Yılmaz-Tüzün, Ö., & Ertepınar, H. (2014). Development and validation of nature of science instrument for elementary school students. Education 3–13, 42(3), 258–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, D. (2008). Sibling rivalry. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 44(2), 280–288. doi:10.1080/00107530.2008.10747153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, N., & Recchia, H. (2006). Sibling relations and their impact on children’s development. In R. E. Tremblay, R. G. Barr, & R. D. Peters (Eds.), Encyclopedia on early childhood development (pp. 1–8). Montreal: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, N., & Recchia, H. E. (2008). Siblings and sibling rivalry. In M. M. Haith & J. B. Benson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development (pp. 154–164). Colorado: Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer, P. J. P. (1982). Attachment, birth participation, and young children’s reactions to newborn siblings (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 8504889).

  • Ihinger, M. (1975). The referee role and norms of equity: A contribution toward a theory of sibling conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37(3), 515–524. doi:10.2307/350515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. A. (1987). Sibling rivalry in the context of family relationships (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 8717207).

  • Jöreskog, K., & Long, J. S. (1993). Introduction. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 1–9). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagitcibasi, C., Sunar, D., & Bekman, S. (2001). Long-term effects of early intervention: Turkish low-income mothers and children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(4), 333–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolak, A. M., & Volling, B. L. (2011). Sibling jealousy in early childhood: Longitudinal links to sibling relationship quality. Infant and Child Development, 20(2), 213–226. doi:10.1002/icd.690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larmo, A. (2007). Sibling rivalry and the structuring of the mind. Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 30(1), 22–30. doi:10.1080/01062301.2007.10592800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeser, M. K. (2011). Parental differential treatment and its effects on sibling jealousy (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1492977).

  • Magagna, J. (2014). Envy, jealousy, love, and generosity in sibling relations: The impact of sibling relations on future family relations. In B. Maciejewska, K. Skrzypek, & Z. Stadnicka-Dmitriew (Eds.), Siblings: Envy and rivalry, coexistence and concern (pp. 195–217). London: Karnac.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (1990). Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison approach. Belmont: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milevsky, A. (2011). Sibling relationships in childhood and adolescence. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miraç, Z. (Ed.). (2015). Educated girls, bright tomorrows. İstanbul: Aydın Doğan Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadelman, L., & Begun, A. (1982). Sibling relationships. In M. E. Lamb & B. Sutton-Smith (Eds.), The effects of the newborn on the older sibling: Mothers’ questionnaires (pp. 13–37). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubauer, P. B. (1983). The importance of the sibling experience. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 38, 325–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrov, J. M., Crick, N. R., & Stauffacher, K. (2006). Relational aggression in sibling and peer relationships during early childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 241–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual (2nd ed.). Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (3rd ed.). Berkshire: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, R. A., & Merunka, D. R. (2014). Convenience samples of college students and research reproducibility. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 1035–1041.

  • Phillips, K. E., & Schrodt, P. (2015). Sibling confirmation as a moderator of rivalries and relational outcomes in sibling relationships. Journal of Family Communication, 15(1), 58–74. doi:10.1080/15267431.2014.980825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift’s electric factor analysis machine. Understanding Statistics, 2, 13–43. doi:10.1207/S15328031US0201_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reit, S. V. (1985). Sibling rivalry. New York: Ballantine Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, H. R. (2004). Introducing child psychology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Şencan, H. (2005). Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measurements. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, A., & Dillon, W. R. (2005). A simulation study to investigate the use of cutoff values for assessing model fit in covariance structure models. Journal of Business Research, 58(1), 935–943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, J. D. (2006). Coping with sibling rivalry. Scholastic Parent & Child, 14(1), 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tezel-Şahin, F., & Cevher, F. N. (Eds.) (2007) Proceedings from ICANAS 38: 38th International Congress of Asian and North African Studies. Ankara, Turkey.

  • Tsai, C. V. C., & Liu, S.-Y. (2005). Developing a multi-dimensional instrument for assessing students’ epistemological views toward science. International Journal of Science Education, 27(13), 1621–1638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volling, B. L., McElwain, N. L., & Miller, A. L. (2002). Emotion regulation in context: The jealousy complex between young siblings and its relations with child and family characteristics. Child Development, 73(2), 581–600. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00425.

  • Volling, B. L., Kennedy, D. E., & Jackey, L. M. (2010). The development of sibling jealousy. In S. L. Hart & M. Legerstee (Eds.), Handbook of jealousy: Theory, research, and multidisciplinary approaches (pp. 387–417). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444323542.ch17.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, J. V. (2007). Attachment and sibling rivalry in little Hans: The fantasy of the two giraffes revisited. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55(3), 821–849. doi:10.1177/00030651070550032001.

  • Webster, R. G. (1998). Sibling rivalry and ınterpersonal guilt (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9907987).

  • Yavuzer, H. (2013). First 6 years of your child (29th ed.). İstanbul: Remzi Bookstore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yiğen, E. (2005). The assessment of sister or brother jealousy among children at age of 3-6 who go to kindergarten in the city center of Zonguldak (Unpublished master’s thesis). Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Turkey.

  • Zupančič, M., & Kavčič, T. (2011). Factors of social adjustment to school: child’s personality, family and pre‐school. Early Child Development and Care, 181(4), 493–504. doi:10.1080/03004430903507175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Early Childhood Education, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

    Aysun Ata Aktürk & Hasibe Özlen Demircan

  2. Faculty of Education, Department of Elementary Education, Middle East Technical University Campus, Ankara, Turkey

    Aysun Ata Aktürk

Authors
  1. Aysun Ata Aktürk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hasibe Özlen Demircan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aysun Ata Aktürk.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Appendix A

(DOCX 17 kb)

Appendix B

(DOCX 121 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ata Aktürk, A., Demircan, H.Ö. Development of Preschool Children Sibling Rivalry Scale (PSRS). Child Ind Res 11, 117–136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9425-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9425-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation