Abstract
Pigeon is an essential poultry with tasty meat and high protein content, and its breeding and consumption of meat have been increasing annually. Nevertheless, technical bottlenecks still exist in detecting veterinary drug residues in pigeon muscle. A rapid and sensitive method for determining 67 veterinary drugs belonging to six major groups (quinolones, sulfonamides, macrolides, hormones, tetracyclines, and insecticides) was developed in pigeon muscle. The method described a QuEChERS sample preparation procedure before liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The modified QuEChERS extraction method was optimized using the cost-effective chemometric tool equipped with Plackett-Burman (P-B) and Box-Behnken (BBD) response surface experiment designs. Based on the response surface methodology, the optimized conditions were 85.0% methanol, 408.1 mg C18, and 108.3 mg Z-Sep+. LC-MS/MS performed the quantitative detection with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes under positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI+). The calibration curves showed good linearity in the corresponding concentration ranges, with the coefficients of determination (R2) all greater than 0.99. The method’s linearity, selectivity, intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, decision limit, detection capability, uncertainty, and quantitation limits are reported. The resulting limits of quantitation were 0.5–2.0 μg kg−1, and therefore satisfactory. Our method was applied to actual samples and proved adequate for routine analysis. The proposed method proved simple, rapid, and reliable for monitoring 67 veterinary drugs in pigeon muscle and can also be used for food safety monitoring.
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Data Availability
The data analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge support from Waters Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
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This work was supported by the fundamental research funds for the public research institutes of Chinese academy of inspection and quarantine under Grant 2020JK010.
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All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Xingqiang Wu and Xiaoxuan Yu performed material preparation, data collection, and analysis. Xingqiang Wu wrote the main manuscript text. Kaixuan Tong and Yujie Xie prepared Figures 1–6 and Tables 1–2. Qiaoying Chang and Hui Chen rewrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Xingqiang Wu declares no conflict of interest. Xiaoxuan Yu declares no conflict of interest. Kaixuan Tong declares no conflict of interest. Yujie Xie declares no conflict of interest. Qiaoying Chang declares no conflict of interest. Chunlin Fan declares no conflict of interest. Minglin Wang declares no conflict of interest. Hui Chen declares no conflict of interest.
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Supplementary file 1
Fig. S1. Recovery rate and precision of 67 veterinary drugs in pigeon at three levels (5、10, and 50 μg kg−1). Table S1. Mass spectrum parameters of 67 veterinary drugs. Table S2. Plackett-Burman experimental design table and results. Table S3. Variance analysis of regression model of veterinary drugs extraction from spiked samples. Table S4. Design and results of response surface experiment. Table S5. Variance analysis of regression model of veterinary drugs extraction from spiked samples.
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Wu, X., Yu, X., Tong, K. et al. Chemometric−Assisted QuEChERS Method for Multiresidue Analysis of Veterinary Drugs in Pigeon Muscle by LC-MS/MS. Food Anal. Methods 17, 551–563 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-024-02589-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-024-02589-7