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Recent Trends, Potentials, and Challenges of Biodiesel Production from Discarded Animal Fats: a Comprehensive Review

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Abstract

Biodiesel is drawing interest as an alternative and eco-friendly substitute energy resource synthesized from vegetative and animals’ origin lipids. However, the costs of biodiesel feedstock still concern the researchers. Besides, the dependence on edible oils of first generation as a feedstock made the total footprint of biodiesel unsustainable since it threatens the sources of human food and consumes many resources during cultivation. For this regard, the current study was scoped to offer a reliable and affordable feedstock utilized from slaughterhouses’ wastes for biodiesel industry. Utilizing the tremendous amounts of discarded animal fats (DAFs) as a feedstock for biodiesel production minimizes slaughterhouses’ wastes and promotes sustainable energy resources. Technologies of DAFs disposal, lipids extraction, treatment, and conversion into biodiesel were critically discussed and compared based on advantages and disadvantages. Discussion was expanded to include the characteristics of animal-based biodiesel distinguished by higher heating value, cetane number, oxidation stability, and lower NOx emissions. Argument was evolved regarding the ethical, production, performance, and economic challenges. The results of this comprehensive review affirm the possibility of DAFs feedstock to offer affordable and sustainable biodiesel fuel.

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Funding

The authors would like to thank ministry of higher education in Malaysia (grant number FRGS/1/2022/STG05/USM/02/9) for funding this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia

    Fozy Binhweel, Md. Sohrab Hossain & Mardiana Idayu Ahmad

  2. Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia

    Mardiana Idayu Ahmad

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  1. Fozy Binhweel
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  2. Md. Sohrab Hossain
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection and analysis were performed by Fozy Binhweel, Md. Sohrab Hossain, and Mardiana Idayu Ahmad. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Fozy Binhweel, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mardiana Idayu Ahmad.

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Binhweel, F., Hossain, M.S. & Ahmad, M.I. Recent Trends, Potentials, and Challenges of Biodiesel Production from Discarded Animal Fats: a Comprehensive Review. Bioenerg. Res. 16, 778–800 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10527-w

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