Abstract
This research investigated narratives of bi-erasure and bisexual marking by considering 53 video confessionals associated with the #StillBisexual campaign. #StillBisexual is a web-based campaign that targets myths about bisexuality and promotes bisexual identity visibility. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify emergent themes regarding the ways that individuals mark and make known their bisexuality. Three major themes of bisexual demarcation emerged including the enduring nature of bisexuality, defining bisexuality, and defining the self as a bisexual being. Discussion focuses on describing bisexual marking approaches by #StillBisexual participants and by analyzing the way bisexual demarcation challenges assumptions of monosexism and cisgenderism inherent to cultural conceptualizations of sexuality.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
We use plurisexual to refer to identities that are not explicitly based on attraction to one sex and leave open the potential for attraction to more than one gender/sex; e.g. bisexual, pansexual, queer, and fluid. The term plurisexual is used instead of non-monosexual because it does not linguistically assume monosexual as the ideal conceptualization of sexuality (See Galupo et al. 2014).
Gender/sex is used to reference a concept that cannot be understood as only biologically or socially constructed (See van Anders, 2014).
References
Alarie, M., & Gaudet, S. (2013). “I don’t know if she is bisexual or if she just wants to get attention”: Analyzing the various mechanisms through which emerging adults invisibilize bisexuality. Journal of Bisexuality, 13(2), 191–214. doi:10.1080/15299716.2013.780004.
Angelides, S. (2001). A history of bisexuality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
Barker, M., & Langdridge, D. (2008). Bisexuality: Working with a silenced sexuality. Feminism & Psychology, 18, 389–394. doi:10.1177/0959353508092093.
Barker, M., Richards, C., Jones, R., Bowes-Catton, H., Plowman, T., Yockney, J., & Morgan, M. (2012). The bisexuality report: Bisexual inclusion in LGBT equality and diversity. Retrieved from http://www.open.ac.uk/ccig/files/ccig/The%20BisexualityReport%20Feb.2012.pdf.
Better, A. (2014). Redefining queer: Women’s relationships and identity in an age of sexual fluidity. Sexuality and Culture, 18, 16–38. doi:10.1007/s12119-013-9171-8.
Boccone, P. J. (2016). Embracing the whole self: Using the empty chair technique to process internalized biphobia during bisexual identity enactment. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 10, 150–158. doi:10.1080/15538605.2016.1199291.
Bostwick, W. (2012). Assessing bisexual stigma and mental health status: A brief report. Journal of Bisexuality, 12, 214–222. doi:10.1080/15299716.2012.674860.
Boyer, C. R., & Galupo, M. P. (2015). ‘Prove it!’ same-sex performativity among sexual minority women and men. Psychology & Sexuality, 6, 357–368. doi:10.1080/19419899.2015.1021372.
Bradshaw, K., Dehlin, J. P., Crowell, K. A., Galliher, R. V., & Bradshaw, W. S. (2014). Sexual orientation change efforts through psychotherapy for LGBQ individuals affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 41, 391–412. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2014.915907.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
Breno, A. L., & Galupo, M. P. (2008). Bias toward bisexual women and men in a marriage-matching task. Journal of Bisexuality, 7(3–4), 217–235. doi:10.1080/15299710802171308.
Brewster, M. E., & Moradi, B. (2010). Perceived experiences of anti-bisexual prejudice: Instrument development and evaluation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 451–468. doi:10.1037/a0021116.
Dean, J. J. (2011). Thinking intersectionality: Sexualities and the politics of multiple identities. In Y. Taylor, S. Hines, & M. Casey (Eds.), Theorising intersectionality and sexuality (pp. 119–139). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dyar, C., Lytle, A., London, B., & Levy, S. R. (2015). Application of bisexuality research to the development of a set of guidelines for intervention efforts to reduce binegativity. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1, 352–362. doi:10.1037/tps0000045.
Elia, J. P. (2010). Bisexuality and school culture: School as a prime site for bi-intervention. Journal of Bisexuality, 10(4), 452–471. doi:10.1080/15299716.2010.521060.
Erickson-Schroth, L., & Mitchell, J. (2009). Queering queer theory, or why bisexuality matters. Journal of Bisexuality, 9, 297–315. doi:10.1080/15299710903316596.
Flanders, C. E., Robinson, M., Legge, M. M., & Tarasoff, L. A. (2016). Negative identity experiences of bisexual and other non-monosexual people: A qualitative report. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20, 152–172. doi:10.1080/19359705.2015.1108257.
Galupo, M. P., Davis, K. S., Grynkiewicz, A., & Mitchell, R. C. (2014a). Conceptualization of sexual orientation identity among sexual minorities: Patterns across sexual and gender identity. Journal of Bisexuality, 14(3–4), 433–456. doi:10.1080/15299716.2014.933466.
Galupo, M. P., Henise, S. B., & Mercer, N. L. (2016a). “The labels don’t work very well”: Transgender individuals’ conceptualizations of sexual orientation and sexual identity. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17, 1–12. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1189373.
Galupo, M. P., Lomash, E., & Mitchell, R. C. (2016b). “All of my lovers fit into this scale”: Sexual minority individuals’ responses to two novel measures of sexual orientation. Journal of Homosexuality. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1174027.
Galupo, M. P., Mitchell, R. C., & Davis, K. S. (2015). Sexual minority self-identification: Multiple identities and complexity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 355–364. doi:10.1037/sgd0000131.
Galupo, M. P., Mitchell, R. C., Grynkiewicz, A., & Davis, K. S. (2014b). Sexual minority reflections on the Kinsey Scale and the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Bisexuality, 14(3–4), 404–432. doi:10.1080/15299716.2014.929553.
Galupo, M. P., Ramirez, J. L., & Pulice-Farrow, L. (2016c). “Regardless of their gender:” Descriptions of sexual identity among bisexuals, pansexuals, and queer identified individuals. Journal of Bisexuality. doi:10.1080/15299716.2016.1228491.
Gates, G. J. (2011). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender?. Retrieved from http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf.
Haldeman, D. C. (2012). Sexual orientation conversion therapy: Fact, fiction, and fraud. In S. H. Dworkin & M. Pope (Eds.), Casebook for counseling lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons and their families (pp. 297–305). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Hartman, J. E. (2013). Creating a bisexual display: Making bisexuality visible. Journal of Bisexuality, 13, 39–62. doi:10.1080/15299716.2013.755727.
Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Halliwell, E. (2014). Bisexual women’s understandings of social marginalization: ‘The heterosexuals don’t understand us but nor do the lesbians’. Feminism & Psychology, 24, 1–21. doi:10.1177/0959353514539651.
Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., Halliwell, E., & Malson, H. (2013). Visible lesbians and invisible bisexuals: Appearance and visual identities among bisexual women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 40, 172–182. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.07.015.
Hutchins, L., & Kaahumanu, L. (Eds.). (1991). Bi any other name bisexual people speak out. Los Angeles, CA: Alyson Books.
Jaffe, M. (2016). Social justice and LGBTQ communities in the digital age. In J. Frechette & R. Williams (Eds.), Media education for a digital generation (pp. 103–118). New York, NY: Routledge.
MacDowall, L. (2009). Historicising contemporary bisexuality. Journal of Bisexuality, 9, 3–15. doi:10.1080/15299710802659989.
McLean, K. (2015). Inside or outside? Bisexual activism and the LGBTI community. In M. Tremblay & D. Paternotte (Eds.), The Ashgate research companion to lesbian and gay activism (pp. 149–192). Surrey, England: Ashgate.
Morgan, E. M., & Davis-Delano, L. R. (2016). Heterosexual marking and binary cultural conceptions of sexual orientation. Journal of Bisexuality, 16, 125–143. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1113906.
Morgan, E. M., & Thompson, E. M. (2006). Young women’s sexual experiences within same sex friendships: Discovering and defining bisexual and bi-curious sexual identity. Journal of Bisexuality, 6, 7–34. doi:10.1300/J159v06n03_02.
Nutter-Pridgen, K. L. (2015). The old, the new, and the redefined: Identifying the discourses in contemporary bisexual activism. Journal of Bisexuality, 15, 385–413. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1033044.
Ochs, R. (2009). What is bisexuality? In R. Ochs & S. E. Rowley (Eds.), Getting Bi: Voices of bisexuals around the world (2nd ed., p. 9). Boston, MA: Bisexual Resource Center.
Roberts, T. S., Horne, S. G., & Hoyt, W. T. (2015). Between a gay and straight place: Bisexual individuals’ experiences with monosexism. Journal of Bisexuality, 15, 554–569. doi:10.1080/15299716.2015.1111183.
Rust, P. C. (1995). Bisexuality and the challenge to lesbian politics: Sex, loyalty, and revolution. New York: New York University Press.
Rust, P. C. (2000). Two many and not enough: The meaning of bisexual identities. Journal of Bisexuality, 1, 31–68. doi:10.1300/J159v01n01_04.
Serano, J. (2013). Excluded: Making feminist and queer movements more inclusive. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press.
#StillBisexual. (2016). #StillBisexual. Retrieved from http://stillbisexual.com/about/.
Storr, M. (Ed.). (1999). Bisexuality: A critical reader. London: Routledge.
Tabatabai, A., & Linders, A. (2011). Vanishing act: Non-straight identity narratives of women in relationships with women and men. Qualitative Sociology, 34, 583–599. doi:10.1007/s11133-011-9202-4.
Tate, C. C. (2012). Considering lesbian identity from a social-psychological perspective: Two different models of “being a lesbian”. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 16(1), 17–29. doi:10.1080/10894160.2011.557639.
Thompson, E. M., & Morgan, E. M. (2008). “Mostly straight” young women: Variations in sexual behavioral and identity development. Developmental Psychology, 44, 15–21. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.15.
van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond sexual orientation: Integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities in sexual configurations theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8.
Vrangalova, Z., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2010). Correlates of same-sex sexuality in heterosexually identified young adults. Journal of Sexual Behavior, 47, 92–102. doi:10.1080/00224490902954307.
Walker, A. (2014). “I’m not a lesbian; I’m just a freak”: A pilot study of the experiences of women in assumed-monogamous other-sex unions seeking secret same-sex encounters online, their negotiations of sexual desire, and meaning-making of sexual identity. Sexuality and Culture, 18, 911–935. doi:10.1007/s12119-014-9226-5.
Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., & Pryor, D. W. (1994). Dual attraction: Understanding bisexuality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Weinrich, J. D., & Klein, F. (2002). Bi-gay, bi-straight, and bi-bi: Three bisexual subgroups identified using cluster analysis of the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid. Journal of Bisexuality, 2, 109–139. doi:10.1300/J159v02n04_07.
Weiss, J. T. (2004). GL vs BT: The archaeology of biphobia and transphobia within the US gay and lesbian community. Journal of Bisexuality, 3, 25–55. doi:10.1300/J159v03n03_02.
Yoshino, K. (2000). The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stanford Law Review, 52, 353–461. Retrieved from http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Author A declares that he/she has no conflict of interest. Author B declares that he/she has no conflict of interest. Author C declares that he/she has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Because data used in the study was archival data from a public site, informed consent was not required. Additionally, we did not use names of participants when presenting the data.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gonzalez, K.A., Ramirez, J.L. & Galupo, M.P. “I was and still am”: Narratives of Bisexual Marking in the #StillBisexual Campaign. Sexuality & Culture 21, 493–515 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9401-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9401-y