Abstract
Cancer is a serious public health problem in the world and the prevention and control of cancer has become one of the health strategies of governments around the world. According to the data of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), about 8 million people die of cancer every year in the world. With the continuous progress of medical technology, there are many methods to treat cancer at present. However, many treatment methods have achieved different therapeutic effects, some of them have obvious toxic and side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to study simpler and more effective new therapies for alleviating pain and prolonging lifetime of patients. In this view, we focus on the application progress of CRISPR system in some major cancers and its potential in cancer treatments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Khan F, Pandupuspitasari N, Chun-Jie H, Ao Z, Jamal M, Zohaib A, et al. CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics: a cure for cancer and other genetic diseases. Oncotarget. 2016. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9646.
Guernet A, Grumolato L. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the genome for cancer modeling. Methods. 2017;121–122:130–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.007.
Chen M, Mao A, Xu M, Weng Q, Mao J, Ji J. CRISPR–Cas9 for cancer therapy: opportunities and challenges. Cancer Lett. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.017.
Mirza Z, Karim S. Advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 technology—focusing on cancer therapeutics and beyond. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019;96:13–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.026.
Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, Nakata A. Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J Bacteriol. 1987;169(12):5429–33. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.169.12.5429-5433.1987.
Jansen R, Embden JDAV, Gaastra W, Schouls LM. Identification of genes that are associated with DNA repeats in prokaryotes. Mol Microbiol. 2002;43(6):1565–75. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02839.x.
Jansen R, van Embden JDA, Gaastra W, Schouls LM. Identification of a novel family of sequence repeats among prokaryotes. OMICS J Integr Biol. 2002;6(1):23–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/15362310252780816.
Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, et al. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science. 2007;315(5819):1709. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138140.
Terns MP, Terns RM. CRISPR-based adaptive immune systems. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2011;14(3):321–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.03.005.
Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib N, et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science (New York, NY). 2013;339(6121):819–23. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231143.
Bakondi B, Lv W, Lu B, Jones MK, Tsai Y, Kim KJ, et al. In vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing corrects retinal dystrophy in the S334ter-3 rat model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Ther. 2016;24(3):556–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2015.220.
Sanjana NE. Genome-scale CRISPR pooled screens. Anal Biochem. 2017;532:95–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2016.05.014.
Fujii M, Clevers H, Sato T. Modeling human digestive diseases with CRISPR–Cas9-modified organoids. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(3):562–76. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.048.
Najah S, Saulnier C, Pernodet J-L, Bury-Moné S. Design of a generic CRISPR–Cas9 approach using the same sgRNA to perform gene editing at distinct loci. BMC Biotechnol. 2019;19(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-019-0509-7.
Liu Y, Tao W, Wen S, Li Z, Yang A, Deng Z, et al. In vitro CRISPR/Cas9 system for efficient targeted DNA editing. mBio. 2015;6(6):e01714–e0171501715. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01714-15.
Deveau H, Barrangou R, Garneau JE, Labonté J, Fremaux C, Boyaval P, et al. Phage response to CRISPR-encoded resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus. J Bacteriol. 2008;190(4):1390. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01412-07.
Hou Z, Zhang Y, Propson NE, Howden SE, Chu L-F, Sontheimer EJ, et al. Efficient genome engineering in human pluripotent stem cells using Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(39):15644–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313587110.
Ran FA, Cong L, Yan WX, Scott DA, Gootenberg JS, Kriz AJ, et al. In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9. Nature. 2015;520(7546):186–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14299.
Kleinstiver BP, Prew MS, Tsai SQ, Topkar VV, Nguyen NT, Zheng Z, et al. Engineered CRISPR–Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificities. Nature. 2015;523(7561):481–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14592.
Nishimasu H, Shi X, Ishiguro S, Gao L, Hirano S, Okazaki S, et al. Engineered CRISPR–Cas9 nuclease with expanded targeting space. Science (New York, NY). 2018;361(6408):1259–62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9129.
Hu JH, Miller SM, Geurts MH, Tang W, Chen L, Sun N, et al. Evolved Cas9 variants with broad PAM compatibility and high DNA specificity. Nature. 2018;556(7699):57–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26155.
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science (New York, NY). 2012;337(6096):816–21. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829.
Zhang Y, Heidrich N, Ampattu Biju J, Gunderson Carl W, Seifert HS, Schoen C, et al. Processing-independent CRISPR RNAs limit natural transformation in Neisseria meningitidis. Mol Cell. 2013;50(4):488–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.001.
Casini A, Olivieri M, Petris G, Montagna C, Reginato G, Maule G, et al. A highly specific SpCas9 variant is identified by in vivo screening in yeast. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36(3):265–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4066.
Lee JK, Jeong E, Lee J, Jung M, Shin E, Kim Y-H, et al. Directed evolution of CRISPR–Cas9 to increase its specificity. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05477-x.
Slaymaker IM, Gao L, Zetsche B, Scott DA, Yan WX, Zhang F. Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity. Science (New York, NY). 2016;351(6268):84–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5227.
Chen JS, Dagdas YS, Kleinstiver BP, Welch MM, Sousa AA, Harrington LB, et al. Enhanced proofreading governs CRISPR–Cas9 targeting accuracy. Nature. 2017;550(7676):407–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24268.
Kulcsár PI, Tálas A, Huszár K, Ligeti Z, Tóth E, Weinhardt N, et al. Crossing enhanced and high fidelity SpCas9 nucleases to optimize specificity and cleavage. Genome Biol. 2017;18(1):190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-017-1318-8.
Ran F, Cong L, Yan W, Scott D, Gootenberg J, Kriz A, et al. In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9. Nature. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14299.
Yamada M, Watanabe Y, Gootenberg JS, Hirano H, Ran FA, Nakane T, et al. Crystal structure of the minimal Cas9 from Campylobacter jejuni reveals the molecular diversity in the CRISPR–Cas9 systems. Mol Cell. 2017;65(6):1109–21.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.007.
Zetsche B, Gootenberg Jonathan S, Abudayyeh Omar O, Slaymaker Ian M, Makarova Kira S, Essletzbichler P, et al. Cpf1 is a single RNA-guided endonuclease of a class 2 CRISPR–Cas system. Cell. 2015;163(3):759–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038.
Chen JS, Ma E, Harrington LB, Da Costa M, Tian X, Palefsky JM, et al. CRISPR–Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science (New York, NY). 2018;360(6387):436–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6245.
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012;337(6096):816. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829.
Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Konermann S, Joung J, Slaymaker IM, Cox DBT, et al. C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector. Science (New York, NY). 2016;353(6299):aaf5573. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5573.
Gootenberg J, Abudayyeh O, Lee J, Essletzbichler P, Dy A, Joung J, et al. Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR–Cas13a/C2c2. Science. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9321.
Zhao X, Liu L, Lang J, Cheng K, Wang Y, Li X, et al. A CRISPR–Cas13a system for efficient and specific therapeutic targeting of mutant KRAS for pancreatic cancer treatment. Cancer Lett. 2018;431:171–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.042.
Wu T, Dai Y. Tumor microenvironment and therapeutic response. Cancer Lett. 2017;387:61–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.043.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clinicians. 2018;68(6):394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492.
Fidler-Benaoudia M, Bray F. Global cancer inequalities. Front Oncol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00293.
Wei C, Wang F, Liu W, Zhao W, Yang Y, Li K, et al. CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of the androgen receptor suppresses the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Mol Med Rep. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.8257.
Chen B, Liu J, Ho TT, Ding X, Mo YY. ERK-mediated NF-κB activation through ASIC1 in response to acidosis. Oncogenesis. 2016;5(12):e279. https://doi.org/10.1038/oncsis.2016.81.
Murphy M, Chatterjee SS, Jain S, Katari M, DasGupta R. TCF7L1 modulates colorectal cancer growth by inhibiting expression of the tumor-suppressor gene EPHB3. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):28299. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28299.
O'Rourke KP, Loizou E, Livshits G, Schatoff EM, Baslan T, Manchado E, et al. Transplantation of engineered organoids enables rapid generation of metastatic mouse models of colorectal cancer. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35(6):577–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3837.
Zou F, Mao R, Yang L, Lin S, Lei K, Zheng Y, et al. Targeted deletion of miR-139-5p activates MAPK, NF-κB and STAT3 signaling and promotes intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. FEBS J. 2016;283(8):1438–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13678.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clinicians. 2019;69(1):7–34. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21551.
Sotiropoulos SN, Moeller S, Jbabdi S, Xu J, Andersson JL, Auerbach EJ, et al. Effects of image reconstruction on fiber orientation mapping from multichannel diffusion MRI: reducing the noise floor using SENSE. Magn Reson Med. 2013;70(6):1682–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.24623.
Reddy A, Zhang J, Davis NS, Moffitt AB, Love CL, Waldrop A, et al. Genetic and functional drivers of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Cell. 2017;171(2):481–94.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.027.
Romero R, Sayin VI, Davidson SM, Bauer MR, Singh SX, LeBoeuf SE, et al. Keap1 loss promotes Kras-driven lung cancer and results in dependence on glutaminolysis. Nat Med. 2017;23(11):1362–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4407.
Wang C, Jin H, Gao D, Wang L, Evers B, Xue Z, et al. A CRISPR screen identifies CDK7 as a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Res. 2018;28(6):690–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-018-0020-z.
Moody CA, Laimins LA. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins: pathways to transformation. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10(8):550–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2886.
Zhen S, Hua L, Takahashi Y, Narita S, Liu Y-H, Li Y. In vitro and in vivo growth suppression of human papillomavirus 16-positive cervical cancer cells by CRISPR/Cas9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014;450(4):1422–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.014.
Yoshiba T, Saga Y, Urabe M, Uchibori R, Matsubara S, Fujiwara H, et al. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated cervical cancer treatment targeting human papillomavirus E6. Oncol Lett. 2019;17(2):2197–206. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9815.
Corrales L, Matson V, Flood B, Spranger S, Gajewski TF. Innate immune signaling and regulation in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Res. 2017;27(1):96–108. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2016.149.
Chifman J, Pullikuth A, Chou JW, Bedognetti D, Miller LD. Conservation of immune gene signatures in solid tumors and prognostic implications. BMC Cancer. 2016;16(1):911. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2948-z.
Zanetti M. A second chance for telomerase reverse transcriptase in anticancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14(2):115–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.67.
Wu J, Jordan M, Waxman DJ. Metronomic cyclophosphamide activation of anti-tumor immunity: tumor model, mouse host, and drug schedule dependence of gene responses and their upstream regulators. BMC Cancer. 2016;16(1):623. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2597-2.
Eyquem J, Mansilla-Soto J, Giavridis T, van der Stegen SJC, Hamieh M, Cunanan KM, et al. Targeting a CAR to the TRAC locus with CRISPR/Cas9 enhances tumour rejection. Nature. 2017;543(7643):113–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21405.
Omrane I, Benammar-Elgaaied A. The immune microenvironment of the colorectal tumor: Involvement of immunity genes and microRNAs belonging to the TH17 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Rev Cancer. 2015;1856(1):28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.04.001.
Cheon H, Borden EC, Stark GR. Interferons and their stimulated genes in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Oncol. 2014;41(2):156–73. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.02.002.
Steinhart Z, Pavlovic Z, Chandrashekhar M, Hart T, Wang X, Zhang X, et al. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal a Wnt–FZD5 signaling circuit as a druggable vulnerability of RNF43-mutant pancreatic tumors. Nat Med. 2017;23(1):60–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4219.
Chen L, Alexe G, Dharia N, Ross L, Conway A, Wang E, et al. CRISPR–Cas9 screen reveals a MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma dependency on EZH2. J Clin Investig. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI90793.
Song C, Li Y, Mou H, Moore J, Park A, Pomyen Y, et al. Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinase as suppressors of liver tumors in mice. Gastroenterology. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.002.
Cyranoski D. CRISPR gene-editing tested in a person for the first time. Nature. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2016.20988.
Lu Y, Xue J, Deng T, Zhou X, Yu K, Deng L, et al. Safety and feasibility of CRISPR-edited T cells in patients with refractory non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):732–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0840-5.
Stadtmauer E, Fraietta J, Davis M, Cohen A, Weber K, Lancaster E, et al. CRISPR-engineered T cells in patients with refractory cancer. Science. 2020;367:eaba7365. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba7365.
Acknowledgements
We thank the National Key Specialty Construction Project of Clinical Pharmacy (Grant no.30305030698), the Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province (Grant nos. 2009SZ0226, 2014FZ0103, 2015JQO027, 2015ZR0160, 20ZDYF1490, and 20CXTD0043), the Health Department of Sichuan Province (Grant nos. 100491, 120111, 20PJ110, and 17ZD038), Sichuan Cancer Hospital (Grant no. YB2019001), Chengdu City Science and Technology Project (Grant no.11PPYB010SF-289), and the Young Scholars Foundation of Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital (Grant nos. 30305030606 and 30305030859). The Cadre Health Care Research Project of Sichuan Province (Grant no. 2019-801), and Zambon Pharmaceutical Scientific Research Foundation of the Chengdu Pharmaceutical Association (Grant no. 201905).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All the authors contributed equally to this paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All the authors have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals.
Informed consent
For this type of study formal consent is not required.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Z. Liu and Z. Liao contributed equally to this work should be considered as co-first author.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Z., Liao, Z., Chen, Y. et al. Research on CRISPR/system in major cancers and its potential in cancer treatments. Clin Transl Oncol 23, 425–433 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-020-02450-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-020-02450-3