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Inflammation and HIV Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • The Global Epidemic (SH Vermund, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

While the per-contact risk of sexual HIV transmission is relatively low, it is fourfold higher in sub-Saharan Africa, and this may partly explain the major global disparities that exist in HIV prevalence. Genital immune parameters are key determinants of HIV transmission risk, including epithelial integrity and the presence of highly HIV-susceptible intraepithelial or submucosal CD4+ T cell target cells. Biological parameters that may enhance mucosal HIV susceptibility in highly HIV-affected regions of sub-Saharan Africa include increased levels of mucosal inflammation, which can affect both epithelial integrity and target cell availability, as well as the increased mucosal surface area that is afforded by an intact foreskin, contraceptive choices, and intravaginal practices. There are multifactorial causes for increased mucosal inflammation, with the prevalence and nature of common co-infections being particularly relevant.

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Conflict of Interest

Rupert Kaul, Jessica Prodger, Vineet Joag, Brett Shannon, Sergey Yegorov, Ronald Galiwango, and Lyle McKinnon declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 6356, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada

    Rupert Kaul, Jessica Prodger, Vineet Joag, Brett Shannon, Sergey Yegorov & Ronald Galiwango

  2. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Rupert Kaul

  3. University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Rupert Kaul

  4. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Jessica Prodger

  5. Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research In South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa

    Lyle McKinnon

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Correspondence to Rupert Kaul.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on The Global Epidemic

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Kaul, R., Prodger, J., Joag, V. et al. Inflammation and HIV Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 12, 216–222 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0269-5

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