Abstract
To perform a detailed organic speciation, particulate matter emitted by a Euro VI diesel city bus was collected combining chassis dynamometer and on-road testing. Dynamometer exhaust emission tests were performed following the Braunschweig and the world harmonised vehicle cycle (WHVC). On-road testing was done on two routes representing typical city bus operation and an additional circuit following the in-service conformity (ISC) requirements. Amongst other constituents, exhaust particles included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl-PAHs, alcohols, various types of acids, glycerol derivatives, and glycols. Particulate matter mass fractions of these compounds were much higher in samples from on-road driving tests compared to chassis dynamometer cycles. Retene and 5-ring PAHs were the dominant compounds within this family. Alkyl-naphthalenes and alkyl-phenanthrenes were also detected. On average, 20% of the analysed PAHs were found to contribute to the carcinogenic potency of the particulate material. For many compounds, in the dynamometer tests, the highest particulate mass fractions were obtained for the WHVC with hot start. Compounds from fuel additives (e.g. levulinic acid), components of the cooling system fluids (e.g. ethylene glycols), by-products of after-treatment technologies (isocyanic acid) and antioxidants leached from polymeric materials (e.g. oxidised Irgafos® 168) were observed in the exhaust particles. The detection of constituents such as monoglycerides and hydroxytoluene suggests the use of diesel/biodiesel blends by bus drivers.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
The analytical work was supported by the project “SOPRO: Chemical and toxicological SOurce PROfiling of particulate matter in urban air,” POCI-01–0145-FEDER-029574, funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES. Margarita Evtyugina acknowledges the grant SFRH/BPD/123176/2016 from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). Ana Vicente was subsidised by national funds (OE), through FCT, I.P., in the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. The financial support to CESAM by FCT/MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds, is also acknowledged.
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Alves, C., Evtyugina, M., Vicente, A. et al. Organic profiles of particulate matter emissions from a Euro VI diesel city bus. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 183–192 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01258-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01258-0