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Herzfrequenz und EKG in der Polysomnographie

Heart rate and ECG in polysomnography

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Zusammenfassung

Die Aufzeichnung des Elektrokardiogramms (EKG) und der Herzfrequenz sind integrale Bestandteile der kardiorespiratorischen Polysomnographie. In Ergänzung zu den neurophysiologischen Parametern erlauben diese Signale eine Bewertung der autonomen Regulation während des Schlafs. Eine Auswertung des nächtlichen EKG in Bezug auf zyklische Schwankungen der Herzfrequenz kombiniert mit atmungsabhängigen Veränderungen der EKG-Morphologie (Amplitude der R-Zacke, T-Welle) erlaubt ein zuverlässiges Erkennen von schlafbezogenen Atmungsstörungen. Eine Auswertung der Schlag-zu-Schlag-Regulation der Herzfrequenz erlaubt eine Abschätzung der Schlafstadien aufgrund der grundsätzlich verschiedenen Regulation des autonomen Nervensystems im Tiefschlaf und im REM-Schlaf. Auch Übergänge vom Wachen in den Schlaf sind aus dem Verlauf der Herzfrequenz ablesbar.

In diesem Beitrag wird die technische Entwicklung der Analyse im historischen Ablauf von 1980 bis 2015 dargestellt sowie der sich aus der technischen Entwicklung ergebende physiologische und pathophysiologische Erkenntnisgewinn gezeigt.

Abstract

The recording of ECG and heart rate are indispensable parameters of cardiorespiratory polysomnography. Complementing neurophysiological signals this allows an assessment of the autonomous nervous regulation during sleep. An evaluation of the nocturnal ECG is possible in terms of cyclical variations of heart rate and in terms of respiration modulated changes of ECG morphology (amplitude of R wave and T wave). This provides a reliable estimation of sleep disordered breathing. The autonomous nervous system is regulated in a totally different way during slow wave sleep and during REM sleep. An assessment of beat-to-beat variability of heart rate allows deriving sleep stages based on the difference in autonomous nervous system regulation. In addition the transitions from wakefulness to sleep can be tracked to some degree by an analysis of heart rate variability.

This paper presents the technical development of the analysis in a historical sequence from 1980 to 2015. Linked to this the increase in physiological and pathophysiological knowledge derived from the technical developments is presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisziplinäres Schlafmedizinisches Zentrum, Charitécentrum für Kardiologie CC11, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland

    Thomas Penzel, C. Garcia, M. Glos, M. Renelt, C. Schöbel & I. Fietze

  2. Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Deutschland

    J. W. Kantelhardt

  3. Physics Department, Bar-Ilan-University, Ramat Gan, Israel

    R. P. Bartsch

  4. Kardiovaskuläre Physik, Arbeitsgruppe Nichtlineare Dynamik, Fachbereich Physik, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland

    A. Müller, M. Riedl & N. Wessel

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  1. Thomas Penzel
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  2. C. Garcia
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  3. M. Glos
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  4. M. Renelt
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  6. J. W. Kantelhardt
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  7. R. P. Bartsch
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  8. A. Müller
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  9. M. Riedl
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  10. N. Wessel
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  11. I. Fietze
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Correspondence to Thomas Penzel.

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Interessenkonflikt

T. Penzel, C. Garcia, M. Glos, M. Renelt, C. Schöbel, J. W. Kantelhardt, R. P. Bartsch, A. Müller, M. Riedl, N. Wessel, I. Fietze geben an, dass keine Interessenskonflikte vorliegen.

In diesem Review wurde von Studien berichtet, die nach den Richtlinien guter klinischer Praxis und unter Anmeldung bei den lokalen Ethikkommissionen durchgeführt wurden.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Penzel, T., Garcia, C., Glos, M. et al. Herzfrequenz und EKG in der Polysomnographie. Somnologie 19, 254–262 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-015-0014-8

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